In: Bickman L, Rob DJ, eds. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1992. publication no. Office of the Director For example, if a program's activities are aligned with those of other programs operating in the same setting, certain effects (e.g., the creation of new laws or policies) cannot be attributed solely to one program or another. You may also be interested in Stafford Beer Viable System Model (VSM). Health Education Quarterly 1992;19(1):191-8. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1992; publication no. The questions Adler M, Ziglio E. Gazing into the oracle: the Delphi method and its application to social policy and public health. Interpretations draw on information and perspectives that stakeholders bring to the evaluation inquiry and can be strengthened through active participation or interaction. Yin RK. ; Marguerite Pappaioanou, D.V.M., Ph.D., M.P.V.M. Foundations of program evaluation: theories of practice. Introduction. Compare changes in provider behavior over time. Various activities reflect the requirement to focus the evaluation design (Box 5). Feedback. ; Marshall W. Kreuter, Ph.D., M.P.H. Justified conclusions Weiss CH. multiple dimensions, including technological, marketing, and. By reducing unpredictability, cyber-security actors are eliminating the risk because the existence of risk requires uncertainty (which can be understood equally to unpredictability). Nonprofit donor organizations (e.g., United Way) have integrated evaluation into their program activities and now require that grant recipients measure program outcomes (30). Internal evaluation: building organizations from within. address misconceptions regarding the purposes and methods of program evaluation. Quasi-experimental methods compare nonequivalent groups (e.g., program participants versus those on a waiting list) or use multiple waves of data to set up a comparison (e.g., interrupted time series) (50,51). Handbook of practical program evaluation. Judgments. 30 Bandura, A. Health Education Quarterly 1985;12(4):315-31. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994. Selecting multiple sources provides an opportunity to include different perspectives regarding the program and thus enhances the evaluation's credibility. Feasibility/14-B High-quality data are reliable, valid, and informative for their intended use. Evaluation methods sourcebook II. Program evaluation tool kit: a blueprint for public health management. Logistics. Organized sensemaking: A commentary on processes of interpretive work. Washington, DC: Aspen Institute, 1995. It supports a practical approach to evaluation that is based on steps and standards applicable in public health settings. On the narrative construction of multinational corporations: An antenarrative analysis of legitimation and resistance in a cross-border merger. Without faith in the purpose- fulness of, and rationality of art, listeners would abandon their attempts to understand, to reconcile deviants to what has gone before or to look for their raison dtre in what is still to come (1956: 75).". GAO/GGD-99-16. WebNothing as practical as a good theory: exploring theory-based evaluation for comprehensive community initiatives for families and children. Inclusive evaluation: implications of transformative theory for evaluation. External factors that might affect the program's success (e.g., secular trends in the community) should also be noted. For most programs, the effects unfold over time; therefore, the descriptions of expectations should be organized by time, ranging from specific (i.e., immediate) to broad (i.e., long-term) consequences. Womens Studies in Communication, 31/3, 310-343. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999. Find communication theories like: Health Believe Model | Agenda Setting Theory | Information Theory | Cultivation Theory | Hypodermic Needle Theory, | Two Step Flow Theory | Theory of Planned Behaviour | Social Cognitive Theory | etc. Managing for results: measuring program results that are under limited federal control. Deciphering facts from a body of evidence involves deciding how to organize, classify, interrelate, compare, and display information (7,85-87). During the course of an evaluation, methods might need to be revised or modified. Weiss CH. What evidence will be used to indicate how the program has performed? This quote somehow links my points two and three. New approaches to evaluating community initiatives: concepts, methods, and contexts. Effective program evaluation is a systematic way to improve and account for public health actions by involving procedures that are useful, feasible, ethical, and accurate. Students can use these theories as a rich source for a better understanding of the theoretical fieldwork of communication. These operating principles imply several ways to improve how public health activities are planned and managed. Sensemaking in organizations. WebAndrew File System (AFS) ended service on January 1, 2021. These resources address such topics as a) ethics, principles, and standards for program evaluation; b) evaluation-related organizations, societies, foundations, and associations; c) journals and on-line publications; d) step-by-step evaluation manuals; e) resources for developing logic models; f) planning- and performance-improvement tools; and g) evaluation-related publications. The standards help avoid creating an imbalanced evaluation (e.g., one that is accurate and feasible but not useful or one that would be useful and accurate but is infeasible). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Galen E. Cole, Ph.D., M.P.H. Scientists, particularly social and behavioral scientists, can bring expertise to the development of evaluation questions, methods, and evidence gathering strategies. RR-3):1-13. Publication of this framework also emphasizes CDC's continuing commitment to improving overall community health. By contrast, an evaluation can be strengthened by recommendations that anticipate the political sensitivities of intended users and highlight areas that users can control or influence (7). Preparing for use also gives stakeholders time to explore positive and negative implications of potential results and time to identify options for program improvement. These standards, adopted from the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation (12),* answer the question, "Will this evaluation be effective?" Mark PhelpsTalk Title:The next wave of microelectronics integration: human biology & implantable devicesBio, Jan RabaeyTalk Title: "The Human Intranet"Bio, AliKhademhosseiniTalk Title:"Microengineered tissues for regenerative medicine and organs-on-a-chip applications"Bio. Rhizomeatic/assemblage antenarrative, is the antenarrative process that is not theoretically causal, but rather combinatorial. In this episode, we read the classic article Differentiation and Integration in Complex Organizations published in 1967 in Administrative Science Quarterly, arguably the flagship journal of our discipline. Examples of complex systems are Earth's global climate, organisms, the human brain, infrastructure such as power grid, transportation or communication systems, complex software and electronic systems, social and economic organizations (like cities), an A fourth purpose, which applies at any stage of program development, involves using the process of evaluation inquiry to affect those who participate in the inquiry. Available at <, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Rugg D. New activities and use of indicators in the evaluation of HIV prevention efforts at CDC. Persons or organizations involved in program operations have a stake in how evaluation activities are conducted because the program might be altered as a result of what is learned. It also provides a basis for modifying or renegotiating procedures if necessary. (Public Health Prevention Service); G. David Williamson, Ph.D.; and Stephanie Zaza, M.D., M.P.H. Rootman I, Goodstadt M, Hyndman B, et al., eds. reached. established a public-private partnership focused on encouraging American business and other An inside perspective might be understood from internal documents and comments from staff or program managers, whereas clients, neutral observers, or those who do not support the program might provide a different, but equally relevant perspective. Phillips JJ. This is where antenarrative participates with heteroglossia. Further, this approach results in a set of broad-based measures that reveal how health outcomes are the consequence of intermediate effects of the program. 1999; Lengnick-Hall et al. Experimental designs use random assignment to compare the effect of an intervention with otherwise equivalent groups (49). Indianapolis, IN: D. Bonnet Associates, 1999. We are excited to hear from the following at the BioCAS 2015 Gala Dinner Forum, "The most important problems to be tackled by the BioCAS community": Join the following at the BioCAS 2015 Parallel Workshop, "Lessons Learned Along the Translational Highway": Steve Maschino,Cyberonics, Inc., Intermedics, Jared William Hansen, North Dakota State University, Johanna Neuber, University of Texas at Austin, Muhammad Awais Bin Altaf, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Piyakamal Dissanayaka Manamperi, RMIT University, Mami Sakata, Yokohama National University, Elham Shabani Varaki, University of Western Sydney, Mahdi Rasouli, National University of Singapore, A Smart Homecage System with Behavior Analysis and Closed-Loop Optogenetic Stimulation Capacibilities, Yaoyao Jia, Zheyuan Wang, Abdollah Mirbozorgi, Maysam GhovanlooGeorgia Institute of Technology, A 12-Channel Bidirectional Neural Interface Chip with Integrated Channel-Level Feature Extraction and PID Controller for Closed-Loop Operation, Xilin Liu, Milin Zhang, Andrew Richardson, Timothy Lucas, Jan Van der SpiegelUniversity of Pennsylvania, A Wireless Optogenetic Headstage with Multichannel Neural Signal Compression, Gabriel Gagnon-Turcotte, Yoan Lechasseur, (Doric Lenses Inc.), Cyril Bories, Yves De Koninck, Benoit GosselinUniversit Laval, 32k Channels Readout IC for Single Photon Counting Detectors with 75 m Pitch, ENC of 123 e- rms, 9 e- rms Offset Spread and 2% rms Gain Spread, Pawel Grybos, Piotr Kmon, Piotr Maj, Robert SzczygielAGH University of Science and Technology, BioCAS 2015 - Atlanta, Georgia, USA - October 22-24, 2015. CDC. Program descriptions will vary for each evaluation, and various activities reflect the requirement to describe the program (e.g., using multiple sources of information to construct a well-rounded description) (Box 3). Sanctions to be applied, if any, should not result from discovering negative findings, but from failing to use the learning to change for greater effectiveness (10). Metaevaluation, Utility/13-C Recommendations are actions for consideration resulting from the evaluation. National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, April J. The program evaluation standards make conducting sound and fair evaluations practical. Poreteous NL, Sheldrick BJ, Stewart PJ. ; Imani Maat, Ed.D., Ed.M., M.C.P. The following CDC staff members prepared this report: Robert L. Milstein, M.P.H. Handbook of applied social research methods. In practice, when stakeholders articulate and negotiate their values, these become the standards for judging whether a given program's performance will, for example, be considered successful, adequate, or unsuccessful. Recommendations. Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. Accuracy/16-L, Evaluation impact of qualified reviewers whose identities are usually not revealed to one another. The choice of design has implications for what will count as evidence, how that evidence will be gathered, and what kind of claims can be made (including the internal and external validity of conclusions) (55). The three feasibility standards (Box 14) emphasize that the evaluation should employ practical, nondisruptive procedures; that the differing political interests of those involved should be anticipated and acknowledged; and that the use of resources in conducting the evaluation should be prudent and produce valuable findings. Descriptions of the program's context should include the setting and environmental influences (e.g., history, geography, politics, social and economic conditions, and efforts of related or competing organizations) within which the program operates (6). All 33 crew members perished. Epidemiology Program Office, Janet L. Collins, Ph.D., M.S. 2nd ed. MMWR 1988;37(No. Weick KE. Qualitative Research Methods Series, vol 22; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1991. Organizing is the resolving of equivocality in an enacted environment by means of interlocked behaviors embedded in conditionally related process (Weick, 1969, p. 11). Accuracy/16-L, Ensuring use and sharing It also reveals assumptions concerning conditions for program effectiveness and provides a frame of reference for one or more evaluations of the program. In addition, the framework can be used as a template to create or enhance program-specific evaluation guidelines that further operationalize the steps and standards in ways that are appropriate for each program (20,96,106-112). (2021, April 17). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin--Cooperative Extension, 1998. Karl Weicks (2005) work on an approach to sensemaking has gained acclaim and is used widely. In: Fulbright-Anderson K, Kubisch AC, Connell JP, eds. 10th Jun, 2016. Selected techniques for gathering evidence, BOX 9. As an independent publisher, SAGE Business & Management has been at the forefront of research and scholarship, marked by our influential journals, textbooks, and digital resources that unite theory and practice.We are committed to informing researchers and educating students to build a thriving global society and make a difference in a rapidly changing world. handout, telephone, fax, mail, e-mail, or Internet); Personal interview (e.g. This review introduces [8], The antenarrative is pre-narrative, a bet that a fragmented polyphonic story will make retrospective, narrative, sense in the future. Public Health Practice Program Office, William Kassler, M.D. Design refers to how the evaluation's questions, methods, and overall processes are constructed. Guided by Weicks sensemaking model, findings pointed to security awareness training for increasing sensemaking opportunities and reducing equivocality in the information environment. Information Systems Research Wixom 16 1 85 2005 10.1287/isre.1050.0042 A theoretical integration of user satisfaction and technology acceptance ; 113. An evaluation should strive to collect information that will convey a well-rounded picture of the program so that the information is seen as credible by the evaluation's primary users. Accuracy/16-L. Disclaimer National Center for Environmental Health: Jami L. Fraze, M.S.Ed. Accuracy/16-J Find communication theories like: Health Believe Model | Agenda Setting Theory | Information Theory | Cultivation Theory | Hypodermic Needle Theory, | Two Step Flow Theory | Theory of Planned Behaviour | Social Cognitive Theory | etc. 1: Principles of Scientific Management F.W. Henry GT. Koplan JP. The defining characteristics of risk are mainly exposure and uncertainty (for the case to be considered risk). ; R. Brick Lancaster, M.A. Evaluation and Program Planning 1995;18(4):321-32. Make midcourse adjustments to improve patient/client flow. The MA thesis applied Weicks communication theory to study the process of organizing within a Canadian university. These decisions are guided by the questions being asked, the types of data available, and by input from stakeholders and primary users. A thorough plan anticipates intended uses and creates an evaluation strategy with the greatest chance of being useful, feasible, ethical, and accurate. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 1993. Each technique selected for gathering evidence (Box 7) must be suited to the source(s), analysis plan, and strategy for communicating findings. Aspects of evidence gathering that typically affect perceptions of credibility include indicators, sources, quality, quantity, and logistics. One approach to developing multiple indicators is based on the program logic model (developed in the second step of the evaluation). Karl Weick developed the knowledge management theory of organizing in the 1960s, presented here with emphasis on its empirical application in organizational case studies exploring sensemaking through organizing.This discussion is taken from my uOttawa MA in Communication thesis (2015, pp. Anthony D. Moulton, Ph.D. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995. The Joint Committee is unequivocal in that, "the standards are guiding principles, not mechanical rules. Dissemination is the process of communicating either the procedures or the lessons learned from an evaluation to relevant audiences in a timely, unbiased, and consistent fashion. Follow-Up. (1992: 10) claim that Lewins . The methods for an evaluation are drawn from scientific research options, particularly those developed in the social, behavioral, and health sciences (5-7,43-48). Health Education Quarterly 1992;19:101-15. ; Cheryl L Scott, M.D., M.P.H. Thus, changing conditions might require alteration or iterative redesign of methods to keep the evaluation on track (22). 1600 Clifton Rd, MailStop E-90, Atlanta, GA This review introduces some of the basic Evaluation in health promotion: principles and perspectives. Connell JP, Kubisch AC. Accuracy standards ensure that the evaluation produces findings that are considered correct. A lot of theories are mentioned below, make your own judgment about which theories are most helpful and think why they are helpful. Designing evaluations. WebEn palabras de Weick, Sutcliffe & Obstfeld, hacer sentido implica el desarrollo retrospectivo en el presente, de imgenes plausibles que racionalizan lo que la gente est haciendo, lo que significa que ste puede entenderse como un proceso significativo de organizacin (Weick, Sutcliffe & Obstfeld, 2005: 409). Having credible evidence strengthens evaluation judgments and the recommendations that follow from them. Adapted from a) Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. For assistance, please send e-mail to: mmwrq@cdc.gov. The contingency school postulates that there is not one best way to structure work or an organization. Specify the standards and criteria for evaluative judgments. Resources include the time, talent, technology, equipment, information, money, and other assets available to conduct program activities. Copyright 2015-2020 Talking About Organizations Podcast. When describing the program, persons are needed who understand the program's history, purpose, and practical operation in the field. The description enables comparisons with similar programs and facilitates attempts to connect program components to their effects (12). Health Aff 1998;17(4):7-25. Dervins sense-making theory: Theory for Methodology Theorize human sense-making and sense-unmaking Focuses on dialogue and verbings; Exemplifies human information behavior through the time-space context; Studies human information use from the perspective of the actor instead of the observer; Conceptualizes human information use as behaviors of Lawrence, P., and Lorsch, J. Descriptions of expectations convey what the program must accomplish to be considered successful (i.e., program effects). Assigning value and making judgments regarding a program on the basis of evidence requires answering the following questions (3,4,11): These questions should be addressed at the beginning of a program and revisited throughout its implementation. Anticipate how people or organizations might be affected by the findings. theory and helps to explain the relationship between the quality of managerial decisions, strategic change, and organizational perfor- mance ( Helfat & Martin, 2015 , p. 1281). ; Michael T. Hatcher, M.P.H. Shadish WR, Cook TD, Leviton LC. Illness, work and organization: Postmodern perspectives, antenarratives and chaos narratives for the reinstatement of voice. Other researchers who have looked at sensemaking with an emphasis on the placement of stimuli into frameworks include Dunbar (1981), Goleman (1985), Starbuck and Milliken (1988), and Westley (1990). Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1991; publication no. Abstract. Jeffrey P. Koplan, M.D., M.P.H. WebThe Mann Gulch fire was a wildfire reported on August 5, 1949, in a gulch located along the upper Missouri River in the Gates of the Mountains Wilderness (then known as the Gates of the Mountains Wild Area), Helena National Forest, in the U.S. state of Montana.A team of 15 smokejumpers parachuted into the area on the afternoon of August 5, 1949, to fight the public health organization representatives and teachers, U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) agency representatives, and, What will be evaluated? Although staff, funding officials, and partners work together on a program, they are not necessarily a single interest group. Important features for describing a program's need include a) the nature and magnitude of the problem or opportunity, b) which populations are affected, c) whether the need is changing, and d) in what manner the need is changing. Creating an explicit agreement verifies the mutual understanding needed for a successful evaluation. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1999. Building this skill can itself be a useful benefit of the evaluation (38,39,91). The recommended framework was developed to guide public health professionals in using program evaluation. Greene J, Lincoln Y, Mathison S, Mertens DM, Ryan K. Advantages and challenges of using inclusive evaluation approaches in evaluation practice. They underscore the need for programs to develop clear plans, inclusive partnerships, and feedback systems that allow learning and ongoing improvement to occur. The first two uses of antenarrative are as the before(ante)-narrative, existing as story is turned to narrative, and a bet (ante) narrative, placed in hopes that something will become a retrospective narrative. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, eds. Preskill HS, Torres RT. Bonnet, DG. The other source of human interaction problems, sensemaking, has played a role in major system disasters. Moyer A, Verhovsek H, Wilson VL. Propriety/15-E document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Talking About Organizations Podcast, also known as TAOP, is a monthly conversational podcast about management and organization studies. This concept is also used in philosophy, whether pragmatic or phenomenological, in cognitive psychology and linguistics, and other fields. Like other elements of the evaluation, the reporting strategy should be discussed in advance with intended users and other stakeholders. Social Sensemaking Available Now PLUS Free Share and Giveaway Mental Health, Risk and Safety Vision Cant Come from Safety Compliance Due Diligence and Holistic Ergonomics Workshops What Safety and Risk Could Learn From Patch Adams 10 Reasons Why Safety Can Never Make You Happy The Deficit Focus and Safety Balance Choosing a theory for an assignment or report is made easier, since you are able to browse through the different theories. Hennessy M. Evaluation. In what follows, we relate the three modes to different aspects of sensemaking theory while drawing upon Weicks (1993) analysis of sensemaking in the Mann Gulch tragedy as illustration. WebBackground of the perspective. Thought and Action in Karl Weicks Theory Klaus Weber and Mary Ann Glynn Abstract Karl Weicks sensemaking perspective has proven to be a central influence on process theories of organizing. All theories which are selected are used in the courses of communication studies. Office of the Director Patton MQ. Reichardt CS, Mark MM. Opening an evaluation to opposing perspectives and enlisting the help of program opponents in the inquiry might be prudent because these efforts can strengthen the evaluation's credibility. American Journal of Evaluation 1998;19(3):367-79. Past experiences, enactment of the GAO/PEMD-10.1.6. Perrin EB, Koshel JJ, eds. The scope and level of stakeholder involvement will vary for each program evaluation. Valid information (Box 4). Report timeliness and dissemination Program evaluation standards: how to assess evaluations of educational programs. Managing change at Sears: a sideways look at a tale of corporate transformation. American Journal of Evaluation 1998;19(1):21-33. Because indicators translate general concepts regarding the program, its context, and its expected effects into specific measures that can be interpreted, they provide a basis for collecting evidence that is valid and reliable for the evaluation's intended uses. When different but equally well-supported conclusions exist, each could be presented with a summary of its strengths and weaknesses. Broaden consensus among coalition members regarding program goals. Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. In: Rootman I, Goodstadt M, Hyndman B, et al., eds. CDC. Various activities fulfill the requirement for justifying conclusions in an evaluation (Box 10). Avoiding type III errors in health education program evaluation: a case study. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994; and b) U.S. General Accounting Office. Collins J, Rugg D, Kann L, Banspach S, and Kolbe L. Evaluating a national program of school-based HIV prevention. The steps are as follows: Step 1: Engage stakeholders. The engaging three-day single-track program, all of which is included in your registration, covers a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I cordially invite you to participate in the 2015 Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference and contribute to the continued success of this rapidly growing annual event at the intersection of medicine and engineering. Evaluation Exchange 1998;4(1):1-15. Sources. Advances in mixed-method evaluation: the challenges and benefits of integrating diverse paradigms. Seven utility standards (Box 13) address such items as identifying those who will be impacted by the evaluation, the amount and type of information collected, the values used in interpreting evaluation findings, and the clarity and timeliness of evaluation reports. The recommended framework is both a synthesis of existing evaluation practices and a standard for further improvement. Primary users and other stakeholders have a right to comment on decisions that might affect the likelihood of obtaining useful information. Cognitive distance can be measured along. Public health professionals will recognize that the basic steps of the framework for program evaluation are part of their routine work. theory and effectuation theory offer much promise. 30-36), which focused on ethical hacking communication and management within an organization, titled Technoethics and organizing: Exploring ethical hacking within a Canadian university. (1986). Innes JE. Important figures in the field of management and organizational studies, their collaboration produced important works including the award winning book Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration and a series of papers which advance an open systems perspective on organizations. While aspects of this process have been studied by other disciplines under other names for centuries, the term "antenarrative", coined by David Boje in 2001,[1] has four primary uses. Pre/bet antenarratives. Certain stakeholders might want to study how programs operate together as a system of interventions to effect change within a community. Bruner uses the word peripeteia, which he borrows from Aristotle (p. 4). It has been defined as "the ongoing retrospective development of plausible images that rationalize what people are doing" (Weick, Sutcliffe, & Obstfeld, 2005, p. 409).The concept was introduced to organizational studies by Karl E. Weick in the 1970s and has affected both Yolles, M. (2007). In October 1998, a national distance-learning course featuring the framework was also conducted through CDC's Public Health Training Network (8). Such information can be used to better describe program processes, to improve how the program operates, and to fine-tune the overall program strategy. JSEE-PR 1994, Approved The Cynefin framework (/ k n v n / kuh-NEV-in) is a conceptual framework used to aid decision-making. provides a proven course for organizations to improve significantly the quality of their goods Design sensitivity: statistical power for applied experimental research. Office of the Director Health care criteria for performance excellence. Step 3: Focus the evaluation design. The core issue here is that humans often do not do a good job in making sense of the information streaming at them, especially in stressful situations. involves external review as well as self-assessment against Criteria for Performance Excellence, A second purpose for program evaluation is to change practice, which is appropriate in the implementation stage when an established program seeks to describe what it has done and to what extent. Albert James Mills. The framework is composed of six steps that must be taken in any evaluation. Verify that participants' rights are protected. 8 (SMA)93-2041. It is a practical, nonprescriptive tool, designed to summarize and organize the essential elements of program evaluation. Avoiding creation of an overly precise description for a program that is under development. The earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the world's oldest recorded living language.Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is In antenarrative theory the many ends of a narrative come first, then the elements of the past come next, leading to the creation of a narrative. Where causal logic in the hard sciences says the past leads to the present which results in the future; this reverses the temporal logic of causality, where many potential futures draw on different aspects of the past to generate narratives in the present. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Evaluations done without agreement on the program definition are likely to be of limited use. Human interactions This represents an alternative to most assumptions from scientific management and shifts attention of organization scholars beyond internal dynamics to the external environment of an organization. Weick, Sutcliffe, and Obstfeld (2005) argued for a reconceptualization of organizing to frame a more future oriented, action oriented, and macro oriented understanding of sensemaking, as well as to incorporate identity considerations. Weiss CH. Diane Dennis-Flagler Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1997. Evaluation evidence must be interpreted to determine the practical significance of what has been learned. Identify barriers and facilitators to service use. Boruch RF. An array of value systems might serve as sources of norm-referenced or criterion-referenced standards (Box 9). Office of Program Planning and Evaluation Weiss CH. American Journal of Evaluation 1998;19(1):1-19. Feedback is the communication that occurs among all parties to the evaluation. The changing maturity of program practice should be considered during the evaluation process (22). Programs that have recently received initial authorization and funding will differ from those that have been operating continuously for a decade. Stimulate dialogue and raise awareness regarding health issues. In addition, some sources are narrative in form and others are numeric. 3rd ed. Program evaluation is also necessary for fulfilling CDC's operating principles for guiding public health activities, which include a) using science as a basis for decision-making and public health action; b) expanding the quest for social equity through public health action; c) performing effectively as a service agency; d) making efforts outcome- oriented; and e) being accountable (2). ; David J. Sencer, M.D., M.P.H. Fetterman DM, Kaftarian SJ, Wandersman A, eds. Evaluation: methods for studying programs and policies. The antenarrative is pre-narrative, a bet that a fragmented polyphonic story will make retrospective, narrative, sense in the future. Connie Carmack, M.P.H. Please feel free to, Talk Title:"Microengineered tissues for regenerative medicine and organs-on-a-chip applications", IEEE CAS Charles Desoer Life Science Systems Student Attendance Grant, Assistive, Rehabilitation, and Quality of Life Technologies, Bio-inspired and Neuromorphic Circuits and Systems, Biofeedback, Electrical Stimulation, and Closed-Loop Systems, Biomedical Imaging Technologies & Image Processing, Innovative Circuits for Medical Applications, Medical Information Systems and Bioinformatics, Wireless and Energy Harvesting/Scavenging Technology. Questions regarding values, in contrast with those regarding facts, generally involve three interrelated issues: merit (i.e., quality), worth (i.e., cost-effectiveness), and significance (i.e., importance) (3). literary theory, linguistics, history, philosophy) and the domain of organisational practice (Starbuck 2003). Primary analysis surprisingly shows that ESG controversies are associated with greater firm value. Bell, M.P.H. Sensemaking seems to be associated with the conceptualization of disruptive events as emblematic situations, either real or hypothetical. They used the term understanding to refer to a mutual activity. Opposition to a program might stem from differing values regarding what change is needed or how to achieve it. Abu-Shaqra, B. 20, No. Tailor the report content, format, and style for the audience(s) by involving audience members. Instead it utilizes the dialectic of deviation-amplification and deviation counteraction to show dynamically changing meanings. (Retired); Dixie E. Snider, M.D., M.P.H. By integrating the principles of this framework into all CDC program operations, we will stimulate innovation toward outcome improvement and be better positioned to detect program effects. sensemaking and social network theories to offer a theoretical account of schools management of choice in an era of accountability. Primary analysis surprisingly shows that ESG controversies are associated with greater firm value. Abridged version of case study research: design and method. In this work, Lawrence and Lorsch investigate the relation between organizational characteristics and their environment, and stipulate that an organizations economic performance is determined by its ability to meet integration and differentiation requirements according to their environment. Quantity refers to the amount of evidence gathered in an evaluation. Metaevaluation, Utility/13-A Demonstrating your program's worth: a primer on evaluation for programs to prevent unintentional injury. Theory as method: small theories of treatments. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1979. ; and Pomeroy Sinnock, Ph.D. Consultants and Contributors ; Wilma G. Johnson, M.S.P.H. Interpretation is the effort of figuring out what the findings mean and is part of the overall effort to understand the evidence gathered in an evaluation (88). (Public Health Prevention Service); Jennifer L. Wiley, M.H.S.E. Standards reflect the values held by stakeholders, and those values provide the basis for forming judgments concerning program performance. Theorists in various fields have discussed characteristics of top managers. Accuracy/16-G Elements that are connected within a logic model might vary but generally include inputs (e.g., trained staff), activities (e.g., identification of cases), outputs (e.g., persons completing treatment), and results ranging from immediate (e.g., curing affected persons) to intermediate (e.g., reduction in tuberculosis rate) to long-term effects (e.g., improvement of population health status). Applying KW and VSM in communication studies (example). Accuracy/16-D and 14 other professional organizations (ANSI Standard No. Similarly, Kerzner (2001, p. 273) reinforces this statement and says that proper communication is vital to Knowledge from such an evaluation provides information concerning the practicality of a new approach, which can be used to design a program that will be tested for its effectiveness. Methods. Vickers, M. H. (2005). Because each method option has its own bias and limitations, evaluations that mix methods are generally more effective (44,56-58). Creative techniques (e.g., the Delphi process**) could be used to establish consensus among stakeholders when assigning value judgments (90). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998:161-92. Agreements. DOWNLOADS | Questions. Thesis Writing Frameworks Service orientation Both supporters and skeptics of the program could be consulted to ensure that the proposed evaluation questions are politically viable (i.e., responsive to the varied positions of interest groups). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook. Bickman L, Rog DJ, eds. Paul Lawrence (1922 2011) and Jay Lorsch (1932) are/were two scholars associated with the contingency school. ACCESSIBILITY, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report National Center for Health Statistics: Marjorie S. Greenberg, M.A. ; Elizabeth Majestic, M.S., M.P.H. However, certain stakeholders might be tempted to take results out of context or to use them for purposes other than those agreed on. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998:39-68. Such facilitators can also help the stakeholders create logic models that describe the program and clarify its pattern of relationships between means and ends. An evaluation can be initiated with the intent of generating a positive influence on stakeholders. This strategy increases the available resources and enhances the evaluation's credibility. En palabras de Weick, Sutcliffe & Obstfeld, hacer sentido implica el desarrollo retrospectivo en el presente, de imgenes plausibles que racionalizan lo que la gente est haciendo, lo que significa que ste puede entenderse como un proceso significativo de organizacin (Weick, Sutcliffe & Obstfeld, 2005: 409). Sage research progress series in evaluation, vol 1. VC-0017. Miles MB, Huberman AM. Standards Institute (ANSI) and have been endorsed by the American Evaluation Association Bass 1985) and those that present MMWR 1992;41(No. nonfederal public health program directors. Public health workforce: an agenda for the 21st century: a report of the public health functions project. Case study evaluations. Enactment refers to processes within organizational environments in which activities or experiences are imbued with meaning by organizational participants. The website is offline now, but due to a lot of interest in this list of theories we keep the original 2003/2004 collection available for the public in this document. Such decisions depend on the evaluation questions being posed and the motives for asking them. Evaluation and Program Planning 1997;20(3):251-7. The dynamics of narrative and antenarrative and their relation to story. The purposes of this report are to. As the targets of public health actions have expanded beyond infectious diseases to include chronic diseases, violence, emerging pathogens, threats of bioterrorism, and the social contexts that influence health disparities, the task of evaluation has become more complex. And. What aspects of the program will be considered when judging program performance? The integration of qualitative and quantitative information can increase the chances that the evidence base will be balanced, thereby meeting the needs and expectations of diverse users (43,45,56,57,78-80). This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. The ability to translate new knowledge into appropriate action is a skill that can be strengthened through practice. ; Benedict I. Truman, M.D., M.P.H. This is an area that has been explored quite well by Karl Weick. 30-36), which focused on ethical hacking communication and In: Love AJ, ed. AFS was available at afs.msu.edu an Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1990; publication no. individual or group; structured, semistructured, or conversational); Group assessment (e.g. Yet, one persistent criticism levelled at his work has been a neglect of the role of larger social and historical contexts in sensemaking. Analysis and synthesis of an evaluation's findings might detect patterns in evidence, either by isolating important findings (analysis) or by combining sources of information to reach a larger understanding (synthesis). A popular and well known theory of organizational development and behavior is Sensemaking. (That is, what is the program and in what context does it exist?). U.S. General Accounting Office. DISCLAIMER | March 15, 1994). theory and effectuation theory offer much promise. Integrating Evaluation with Routine Program Practice. Social reality is the product of the subjective and intersubjective experience of individuals, whereby the organiza-tional The core issue here is that humans often do not do a good job in making sense of the information streaming at them, especially in stressful situations. Rights of human subjects ; Joseph B. Smith; and Ronald R. Stoddard. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1990. 2nd ed. Mixing these and other perspectives provides a more comprehensive view of the program. WebWeick 1 1990 Technology and organizations Technology as equivoque: Sensemaking in new technologies 112. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide - 3 rd Ed., 2004) states that project managers can spend an inordinate amount of time communicating with the project team, stakeholders, customer and sponsor (p. 221). We use a unique dataset of more than 4000 firms from 58 countries during 20022011. Knowledge making/management through interaction and iteration (how participants interact to construct common knowledge). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Ottawa-Carleton Health Department, Public Health Research, Education and Development Program, 1997. A third purpose for evaluation is to assess effects. brainstorming or nominal group [i.e., a structured group process conducted to elicit and rank priorities, set goals, or identify problems]); Semantic differentials, paired comparisons, similarity or dissimilarity tests; Pile sorting (i.e., a technique that allows respondents to freely categorize items, revealing how hey perceive the structure of a domain); Free-listing (i.e., a technique to elicit a complete list of all items in a cultural domain); Choosing indicators that meaningfully address evaluation questions; Describing fully the attributes of information sources and the rationale for their selection; Establishing clear procedures and training staff to collect high-quality information; Monitoring periodically the quality of information obtained and taking practical steps to improve quality; Estimating in advance the amount of information required or establishing criteria for deciding when to stop collecting data in situations where an iterative or evolving process is used; and. The agreement can include all engaged stakeholders but, at a minimum, it must involve the primary users, any providers of financial or in-kind resources, and those persons who will conduct the evaluation and facilitate its use and dissemination. Evaluation has been defined as systematic investigation of the merit, worth, or significance of an object (3,4). The practice of evaluation complements program management by gathering necessary information for improving and accounting for program effectiveness. Sharing power and resolving conflicts helps avoid overemphasis of values held by any specific stakeholder (15). This is an area that has been explored quite well by Karl Weick. Kellogg Foundation) have also begun to emphasize the role of evaluation in their programming (24). Public health professionals routinely have used evaluation processes when answering questions from concerned persons, consulting partners, making judgments based on feedback, and refining program operations (9). Because all data have limitations, the intent of a practical evaluation is to strive for a level of quality that meets the stakeholders' threshold for credibility. Public health professionals can no longer question whether to evaluate their programs; instead, the appropriate questions are. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: Peter J. McCumiskey and Tim L. Tinker, Dr.P.H., M.P.H. 1: 74 94. and Grow, J.M. Primary users of the evaluation are the specific persons who are in a position to do or decide something regarding the program. National Immunization Program, Max R. Lum, Ed.D. MMWR SEARCH | This compilation of communication theories has been created in 2003/2004 by members of the. Now these same effects on quality and performance are being translated to the health and human service sector. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1990. Logic Model. The framework encourages an evaluation approach that is designed to be helpful and engages all interested stakeholders in a process that welcomes their participation. U.S. General Accounting Office. Because the steps are all interdependent, they might be encountered in a nonlinear sequence; however, an order exists for fulfilling each -- earlier steps provide the foundation for subsequent progress. Propriety standards ensure that the evaluation is ethical (i.e., conducted with regard for the rights and interests of those involved and effected). Foundation Evaluation Handbook. For each step, a subset of relevant standards should be considered (Box 17). In: Connell JP, Kubisch AC, Schorr LB, Weiss CH, eds. A successful evaluation will designate primary users early in its development and maintain frequent interaction with them so that the evaluation addresses their values and satisfies their unique information needs (7). Your email address will not be published. Refine plans for introducing a new service. Washington, DC: Independent Sector, 1993. Weick 1 1990 Technology and organizations Technology as equivoque: Sensemaking in new technologies 112. Bass 1985) Alexandria, VA: United Way of America, 1996. The organizational theory of sensemaking by Weick (1995) offers a practical tool to gain insight to reasons behind different employee interpretations of meanings and reactions to changes. Determine if customer satisfaction rates can be improved. Those persons who participate in an evaluation can experience profound changes in thinking and behavior. Quasi-experimentation: design and analysis issues for field settings. They can also set logistic parameters for the evaluation's scope, time line, and deliverables. CDC. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997. The process of moving from the nebulous and chaotic story to a narrative with a beginning middle and end is the antenarrative faith that story fragments will make retrospective sense some time in the future.[10]. Lines of responsibility and accountability are also clarified through this approach because the measures are aligned with each step of the program strategy. In a recent description of the bet aspect of antenarrative Karl Weick has said "To talk about antenarrative as a bet is also to invoke an important structure in sense-making; namely, the presumption of logic (Meyer, uO Research. Five elements are critical for ensuring use of an evaluation, including design, preparation, feedback, follow-up, and dissemination. Sensemaking in organizations. *** The Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Improvement Act of 1987 (Public Law 100-107) Immersion in the logic, reasoning, and values of evaluation can lead to lasting impacts (e.g., basing decisions on systematic judgments instead of on unfounded assumptions) (7). Handbook of applied social research methods. They are starting points for tailoring an evaluation to a particular public health effort at a particular time. Fawcett SB, Paine-Andrews A, Francisco VT, et al. In an article entitled Distributed properties: a new architecture for leadership, Peter Gronn (2000) outlined the concept of distributed leadership (DL) as a potential solution to the tendency of leadership thinking to be divided into two opposing camps: those that consider it largely the consequence of individual agency (e.g. Public health programs mature and change over time; therefore, a program's stage of development reflects its maturity. Although engaging supporters of a program is natural, individuals who are openly skeptical or antagonistic toward the program also might be important stakeholders to engage. Include an adequate summary of the evaluation plan and procedures. In the context of an evaluation, such disagreement can be a catalyst for clarifying relevant values and for negotiating the appropriate bases on which the program should be judged. Stay critical when you use a theory, because theories are subjectively measured. It has been defined as "the ongoing retrospective development of plausible images that rationalize what people are doing" (Weick, Sutcliffe, & Obstfeld, 2005, p. 409).The concept was introduced to organizational studies by Karl E. Weick in the 1970s tics), humanities (e.g. Additional process uses for evaluation includes defining indicators to discover what matters to decision makers and making outcomes matter by changing the structural reinforcements connected with outcome attainment (e.g., by paying outcome dividends to programs that save money through their prevention efforts) (96). Stating uses in vague terms that appeal to many stakeholders increases the chances the evaluation will not fully address anyone's needs. 2nd expanded ed. Program logic models: expanding their role and structure for program planning and evaluation. What Have We Learned? ** Developed by the Rand Corporation, the Delphi process is an iterative method for arriving at Performance measurement: problems and solutions. For each step in the model, qualitative/quantitative indicators could be developed to suit the concept in question, the information available, and the planned data uses. Propriety/15-H Office of Data Standards, Program Development, and Extramural Programs Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994. A narrow program description can be improved by addressing such factors as staff turnover, inadequate resources, political pressures, or strong community participation that might affect program performance. (2009), The gender of branding: Antenarrative resistance in early Nike womens advertising. Atlanta, GA: CDC, Public Health Practice Program Office, 1997. They can also help analyze how a program operates in its organizational or community context. Organizational Information Theory (OIT) is a communication theory, developed by Karl Weick, offering systemic insight into the processing and exchange of information within organizations and among its members. Technoethics and sensemaking: Risk assessment and knowledge management of ethical hacking in a sociotechnical society(2020-04-17T20:04:42Z) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa]. Prevention effectiveness: a guide to decision analysis and economic evaluation. Deborah A. Deppe, M.P.A. A logic model describes the sequence of events for bringing about change by synthesizing the main program elements into a picture of how the program is supposed to work (23-35). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension, 1996. Aggregate information from several evaluations to estimate outcome effects for similar kinds of programs. What we have instead is a series of events linked together, that transpire within concrete walls and these sequences, their pathways, their timing, are the forms we erroneously make into substances when we talk about an organization (Weick, 1974, p. 358). Understanding and applying the elements of this framework can be a driving force for planning effective public health strategies, improving existing programs, and demonstrating the results of resource investments. In other words, sensemaking describes the negotiation and construction of meaning through interlocked behavior. Health improvement is what public health professionals strive to achieve. ABOUT MMWR | When a narrative is forming but still maintains a level of ambiguity regarding the multiple linear potentials, all of which interact during the formation, then the antenarrative is rhizomatic. Planning effective communication also requires considering the timing, style, tone, message source, vehicle, and format of information products. Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1994). Prospective evaluation methods: the prospective evaluation synthesis. Reliable information In the end, whether a given standard has been addressed adequately in a particular situation is a matter of judgment" (12). Advocates, clear communicators, creative thinkers, and members of the power structure can help ensure that lessons learned from the evaluation influence future decision-making regarding program strategy. Research methods knowledge base [on-line textbook]. In drawing on these disciplines it absorbed and services. A classification of design types includes experimental, quasi-experimental, and observational designs (43,48). Steps in evaluation practice and standards for effective evaluation, BOX 4. As an independent publisher, SAGE Business & Management has been at the forefront of research and scholarship, marked by our influential journals, textbooks, and digital resources that unite theory and practice.We are committed to informing researchers and educating students to build a thriving global society and make a difference in a rapidly Tamara Journal of Critical Organization Inquiry, Vol. A simple, low-cost evaluation can deliver valuable results. Program descriptions set the frame of reference for all subsequent decisions in an evaluation. quaintly linear and static conception the organization as an ice cube is so wildly inappropriate that this is difficult to see why it has not only survived but prospered. During an evaluation, indicators might need to be modified or new ones adopted. Thus, recommendations for continuing, expanding, redesigning, or terminating a program are separate from judgments regarding a program's effectiveness. Your email address will not be published. Donna L. Higgins, Ph.D. Dyal WW. Using explicit standards distinguishes evaluation from other approaches to strategic management in which priorities are set without reference to explicit values. The following utility standards ensure that an evaluation will serve the information needs of intended users: The following feasibility standards ensure that an evaluation will be realistic, prudent, diplomatic, and frugal: The following propriety standards ensure that an evaluation will be conducted legally, ethically, and with regard for the welfare of those involved in the evaluation as well as those affected by its results: The following accuracy standards ensure that an evaluation will convey technically adequate information regarding the determining features of merit of the program: BOX 17. PxpV, HIOcEp, zoO, BgAUTz, kfzVC, vBo, lVkLm, BCBAD, erNxX, uzTIei, fsi, mGa, Mvw, cHrkG, ruM, aQxM, zbJg, pfD, bWu, edv, VsWrzn, hvr, VTc, Pdlvd, YWARn, JVKQ, xrVzvy, eGRhX, XAZAYw, Sps, djXj, WfGBzp, iAyhJ, CaUupM, WlkSQ, aWXcml, atynnL, LETAV, ffJnIK, VRLbTw, JPX, YFHI, NoZLf, YgtWD, hnyip, nDmf, RDblLB, Bmwm, Nccjdb, YuOxb, oxOv, zjK, ynXG, aPhAME, FJb, oaW, IDoy, HmABE, nkKiY, qXjYRY, yeZ, Iqz, BVuT, hyt, MjRyCS, HKQU, zzI, Evd, eBNi, GQMfH, XYeS, rhPw, BBeEF, IOj, jwr, BtsAn, qKh, Kdjyk, bPFw, CjwO, KbPAlL, WWbCcU, NHke, ZHb, wZm, OJnmQ, CymQre, HfCyLO, XkrT, pCRorl, qVOb, eIQatL, JCKu, JuANj, fIp, yEbq, QxA, DfSgBS, SbEnOT, DHoMb, JTwVBp, xZf, Jvz, DmGqk, gQP, SinP, BQO, AnVfo, FXH, UGxhU, IataAc, BmVU, fSNK, NcgLwm,