They consider castes in north India, like Khatri and Kayastha to be merchant castes who claim higher status to befit the educational and economic progress they made in the past. This is also implied in Mudrarakshasa, where a kayastha would work for any man who paid his wages on time. [6][7] The term additionally finds mention among Western sources, mainly in the colonial-era literature of British India. Due to the Peshawari influences on Gujral's cooking, it is often regarded as a Punjabi-Pathan dish. [104] M. N. Srinivas states that Khatri made different Varna claims at different times in the Census of India before Independence. [38], Some Hindus who lived in Balochistan prior to 1947, and later migrated to India following the partition, had a highly Pashtunized culture and spoke a form of Pashto or Balochi. [36] Many Hindu Khatris made their first newborn a Sikh. [127], The All India Radio (AIR) operates a Pashto-language service. However, these scribes did not simply take dictation but acted in the range of capacities better indicated by the term "secretary". [6] It was perhaps first used in this sense by Pune-based social reformer Jyotirao Phule, in the context of the oppression faced by the erstwhile "untouchable" castes from other Hindus. The term additionally finds mention among Western sources, mainly in the colonial-era literature of British India. In Classical Sanskrit, this means "divided, split, broken, scattered". [120] After India's independence in 1947, secular nationalism based on a "composite culture" made all people equal citizens, but Hindutva forces have worked to change India's secular tradition and promote Hindu nationalism. However, due to migration of people for opportunities nowadays, Bhattas can be found in different parts of Nepal. The shrine earned 37 crore Indian Rupees, and the Jat Sikh landlords allegedly "gobbled up a substantial portion of the offerings". [174][175][176], Anti-Dalit prejudices exist in groups such as the extremist militia Ranvir Sena, largely run by upper-caste landlords in Bihar. "[66], Apart from Punjab, Khatris arrived in Delhi and Haryana among other regions after the partition where they make up 9% and 6.5-8.0% of the population respectively. Later the little magazine movement became popular. Subsequent Sikh Gurus, all of whom came from the Khatri caste, also denounced the hierarchy of the caste system. P. L. Punia, a former chairman of the NCSC, said that the number of pending cases was high because most of the extant Special Courts were in fact not exclusive but rather being used to process some non-POA cases, and because "The special prosecutors are not bothered and the cases filed under this Act are as neglected as the victims". [132][133], The fight for temple entry rights for Dalits continues to cause controversy. [1], The term chamar is used as a pejorative word for dalits in general. [145], Pathans have represented the Indian national cricket team both before and after independence. While 45 per cent of SC households are landless and earn a living by manual casual labour, the figure is 30 per cent for Adivasis. [22] The song Yaari Hai Imaan Mera, Yaar Meri Zindagi ("friendship is my faith, the friend is my life") from that movie features an influence of the Pashtun instrument rubab, and is danced to by men in the attan style. He was an Afridi Pathan from Malihabad. The outcome of their assertions - which included providing financial support to the Mughals and shaving their beards - was that the Khatris became still more important to the Mughal rulers as administrators at various levels, in particular because of their skills in financial management and their connections with bankers. According to a 2007 report by Human Rights Watch (HRW), the treatment of Dalits has been like a "hidden apartheid" and that they "endure segregation in housing, schools, and access to public services". [47] They are a mostly endogamous, Pashto-speaking community whose ancestors migrated from what is now Pakistan and Afghanistan prior to India's independence. [60] Historically they produced prominent warriors and also held positions such as Deshpandes and Gadkaris (fort holder, an office similar to that of a castellan. When the first caravan of Muslim weavers arrived in Benaras, the Khatri, who were considered low-caste Hindus at the time, helped them. Prior to that, he was the second vice president of India, and also served as the governor of Bihar. [196], All the ten Sikh Gurus were from various Khatri clans:[198] The early followers of Guru Nanak were Khatris but later a large number of Jats joined the faith. Human Rights Commission. Modi was the chief minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is the Member of Parliament from Varanasi.He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) The landlords, in league with radical Sikh organisations and the SGPC, attempted to keep out the Dalits by razing the shrine overnight and constructing a gurdwara on it, but the Dalit quest for a say in the governing committee did not end. This was reflected in Raj era court rulings. Another sub-group of Khatris include Khukhrain which had split up from the bunjayees. [83][158], Khatris of Kashmir, also known as "Bohras" were traders and had the 2nd largest Hindu population after the Pandits. [255], Balmikis and Pasis in the 1990s refused to support the BSP, claiming it was a Jatav party[256] but over 80 per cent of dalits from all united Dalit castes voted BSP to power in 2007. [89] While Dalits (including both SCs and STs) constitute 25 per cent of the Indian population, they account for 33.2 per cent of prisoners. [254] Emphasising any one caste threatens what is claimed to be an emerging Dalit identity and fostering rivalry among SCs. They used their training in law, literature, court language, accounting, litigation and many other areas to fulfil responsibilities in all these venues. [128][129], In the 19th century, the Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj and the Ramakrishna Mission actively participated in the rights of Dalits. After the 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act, immigrants from India were primarily professionals and students, largely from upper caste or dominant caste families. [151], In 2003 the Talhan village Gurudwara endured a bitter dispute between Jat Sikhs and Chamars. In Andhra Pradesh, Mala and Madiga were constantly in conflict with each other[258] but as of 2015 Mala and Madiga students work for common dalit cause at University level. [153], Damodaran adds that the land Khatris originally belonged to had very little industry and rail infrastructure until the 20th century and hence were not comparable to merchant groups like Banias in terms of scale and spread of operation. Wife-givers and wife-takers and the bartan of the samskara among the Khatris of Mandi, Himachal Pradesh", "The Political Economy of Textiles in Western India: Weavers, Merchants and the transition to a Colonial Economy", "The culture and politics of Persian in pre-colonial Hindustan", "e-Book: English - General Hari Singh Nalwa by Autar Singh Sindhu; Pure", "Arrian, Anabasis, book 6, chapter 15, section 1", "Early Sanskritization Origins and Development of the Kuru State", "Census of India, 1931, Vol. WebSayyid (UK: / s a d, s e j d /, US: / s j d /; Arabic: ; Persian: ; meaning 'sir', 'Lord', 'Master'; Arabic plural: sdah; feminine: sayyidah; Persian: ) is a surname of people descending from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali,: 31 sons of Muhammad's daughter Fatima and his cousin and son The education and economic advancement made by some of the former Shudra castes enabled them to seek the higher prestige and varna status. The elderly Peshawari Hindus are distinguishable due to their Peshawari clothing and the Peshawari turban which some of them wear, and they converse in Pashto or the local Peshawari dialect. It is derived from pala, a Sanskrit word which means a keeper or a protector. The surname is used by individuals from various communities across the Bengal region. [218] Religious studies professor Gavin Flood of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies concluded that the Hindu community in Britain is particularly well integrated, loosening caste ties. [92] According to Human Rights Watch, politically motivated arrests of Dalit rights activists occur and those arrested can be detained for six months without charge. [31], According to Sohala, who claimed to be a Kayastha himself, Kayasthas traced their descent to a younger brother of the Maitrika king, identified as ilditya VI or VII, referred to as Kalditya. Ambedkar." [137], In the 1830s, Khatris were working as governors in the districts like Bardhaman, Lahore, Multan, Peshawar and Hazara, but independent from the Mughal rule. [166], According to Anand Yang, the Khatris in the Saran district of Bihar, were included in the list of "Bania" along with Agarwals and Rastogis of the Vaishya Varna. Occupational patterns (including manual scavenging) are prevalent among Dalit Christians in north-west India are said to be quite similar to that of Dalit Hindus. They as well as the Muslim and Kunbi weavers purchased imported yarn in the 1840s. [20], Some Pashtuns from the Ghilji tribe historically used to seasonally migrate to India in winter as nomadic merchants. They believed that "Christianity is a true religion; a desire for protection from oppressors and, if possible, material aid; the desire for education for their children; and the knowledge that those who have become Christians had improved". Bhapa translates to elder brother in the Potohari dialect spoken around Rawalpindi region. The Kayastha along with the Bhumihars were first among the shudras to attain the recognition as "upper caste" leaving the other aspirational castes to aspire for the same. Khatri-Arora marriages are not unknown nowadays. A few families use the slightly different spelling of "Vora" or "Vohra" as their surname. They were most prevalent as a proportion of [149] Banking, trading and business were considered "traditional occupations of the Khatri in Rajasthan". The Pataudis were of Afghan descent, whose ancestors arrived in India in the late 15th century as mercenaries of the Pashtun emperor Bahlul Lodi, during the latter's reign. 'attendant') of Shiva called Kayastha. The shared experience of being exploited in a foreign land gradually broke down caste barriers in the Caribbean Hindu communities. [58], A 2012 survey by Mangalore University in Karnataka found that 93 per cent of Dalit families in the state of Karnataka live below the poverty line. [167] Jacob Copeman also agrees and writes "Agarwal, Khatri, and Bania usually denote people of merchant-trader background of middling clean-caste status, often of Vaishya varna". [48], The city of Malerkotla is home to a significant population of Punjabi Muslims, some of whom are of Pathan origin. From soon after its independence in 1947, India introduced a reservation system to enhance the ability of Dalits to have political representation and to obtain government jobs and education. [103] His maternal grandson Salman Khurshid served as India's minister for minority affairs, law and justice, and external affairs in successive terms. [61] The Khatris spoke Hindko and Potohari language. [87], Tandoori chicken was popularised in India by Kundan Lal Gujral, a Punjabi Hindu-"Pathan" chef from Peshawar who moved to Delhi in 1947 and founded the Moti Mahal Delux chain of restaurants. It was followed by the Temple Entry Proclamation issued by the last King of Travancore in the Indian state of Kerala in 1936. [136][pageneeded], Purnima Dhawan described that together with Jat community, the Khatris gained considerably from the expansion of the Mughal empire, although both groups supported Guru Hargobind in his campaign for Sikh self-government in the Punjab plains. [49], The Khatris played an important role in India's trans-regional trade during the period,[50] being described by Levi as among the "most important merchant communities of early modern India. [46], In July 1954, over 100,000 Pashtun tribespeople living in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir were granted Indian nationality. [citation needed] However, educational opportunities to Dalits in Kerala remain limited. ", "I will be the best PM and Mayawati is my chosen heir", "A Bibliographic Essay on Hindu and Christian Dalit Religiosity", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamar&oldid=1116617245, Scheduled Castes of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. A Survey of Caste among South Asian Americans." [22], It is believed that the famous Pathan character of Sher Khan, which was scripted by SalimJaved and portrayed by Pran in Zanjeer (1973), was based on the Mumbai mafia don Karim Lala. Their numbers dwindled after many of them migrated to Pakistan. WebPathans in India are citizens or residents of India who are of ethnic Pashtun ancestry. They also consider the Balai, Dholi and Mogya as unclean and do not associate with them. [16], Actors, models, technicians and musicians, "The Rich Heritage of Jammu & Kashmir by Somnath Wakhlu", "Gaddi, a Hindu community of the Western Himalayas", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhat&oldid=1123655104, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 24 November 2022, at 23:11. Aside from banning untouchability, these included the reservation system, a means of positive discrimination that created the classifications of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes for Dalits. There are also several local tribal or caste names and ancestral names. [133][134][135], The language is also used by Afghan Pashtun expatriates living in India. WebChamar is a Dalit community classified as a Scheduled Caste under modern India's system of affirmative action.Historically subject to untouchability, they were traditionally outside the Hindu ritual ranking system of castes known as varna.They are found throughout the Indian subcontinent, mainly in the northern states of India and in Pakistan and Nepal WebChamar is a Dalit community classified as a Scheduled Caste under modern India's system of affirmative action.Historically subject to untouchability, they were traditionally outside the Hindu ritual ranking system of castes known as varna.They are found throughout the Indian subcontinent, mainly in the northern states of India and in Pakistan and Nepal They include Jahangir Khan, a Burki Pathan who played for India between 1932 and 1936, later becoming a cricket administrator in Pakistan. [151][bettersourceneeded] During the pregnancy period of a female, a baby shower ceremony called "reetan" or "goadbharai" is carried out amongst Khatris and Aroras. Christophe Jaffrelot explains the attraction of these trading castes to the Arya Samaj as a means of social mobility associated with their prosperity during the British rule. He was a Pathan from Jalandhar, and migrated to Pakistan in the early 1950s. 'the chief secretary in the charge of home affairs') to the Avaghsa-kyastha (transl. [60][61], There are Pathan families present in the city of Ranchi. ", Meaning: I am son of a Chhatri (Khatri), not of a Brahmin and I will live according to my Dharma. [212][214], Some claim that caste discrimination is non-existent. "Calcutta Kayastha", a late 18th-century depiction by, 'the chief secretary in the charge of home affairs', 'officer in charge of the fodder for horses', Sananda Lal Ghosh,(1980), Mejda, Self-Realization Fellowship, p. 3, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Jagannath Shankarseth Sanskrit Scholarship, "KAYASTHAS AND KARANAS IN ORISSAA STUDY ON INSCRIPTIONS", "Jati Formation in Early Medieval Orissa: Reflection on Karana (Kayastha Caste)", "From the 'lekhaka' to the Kyastha: Scribes in Early Historic Court and Society (200 BCE200 CE)", "The writers' class of ancient Indiaa case study in social mobility", "The writers' class of ancient India a case study in social mobility", "A NOTE ON THE KYASTHAS OF EARLY-MEDIAEVAL KMRA", "Mobility in the Nineteenth-century Caste System", "Devdutt Pattanaik: Descendants of Chitragupta", International Society for Krishna Consciousness, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kayastha&oldid=1123426111, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Articles containing undetermined-language text, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2020, Articles needing additional references from December 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles with incomplete citations from May 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 November 2022, at 17:44. 'chief officer') is used as an administrative designation. [citation needed] In the 21st century, Dalits have been elected to India's highest judicial and political offices. [51][52][53], According to a 2014 report to the Ministry of Minority Affairs, over 44.8 per cent of Scheduled Tribe (ST) and 33.8 per cent of Scheduled Caste (SC) populations in rural India were living below the poverty line in 201112. WebKayastha (also referred to as Kayasth) denotes a cluster of disparate Indian communities broadly categorised by the regions of the Indian subcontinent in which they were traditionally locatedthe Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas of North India, the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus of Maharashtra, the Bengali Kayasthas of Bengal and Karanas of Odisha.All of [citation needed][clarification needed], In Maharashtra, according to historian and women's studies academic Shailaja Paik, Dalit is a term mostly used by members of the Mahar caste, into which Ambedkar was born. [162], Anthropologist Karve, based on the post-Independence research of castes by a in Konkan, Maharashtra, classified Marathi Khatris[a] as one of the "professional/advanced castes" as they were doctors, engineers, clerks, lawyers, teachers, etc. [138][29][pageneeded][139], In Punjab, they were moneylenders, shopkeepers and grain-dealers among other professions. Scheduled Castes is the official term for Dalits as per the Constitution of India. They are well organized and carry out their activities through their own Karachi-based association named Charotar Muslim Anjuman, Charotar being the name of the region in the Indian state of Gujarat where their ancestors are originally from. VIII-Part II Bombay Presidency Statistical Tables", "Census of India, 1931, Vol. [204] Khattak tribe of Pashtuns is credited with origin from the Khatris but was divided in belief to its descent according to the 1883 book "Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province".[205]. UP is doing well politically; it is not perfect, but they have over 20C people and need time to manage them!! The percentage is highest in Maharashtra (50 per cent), Karnataka (36.4 per cent) and Madhya Pradesh (36 per cent). [citation needed], Bhat, also spelled as Bhatt or Butt, is a Kashmiri surname, found among Kashmiri Brahmins of the Kashmir Valley, as well as Kashmiri migrs who migrated to Punjab,[7][8] a region divided between India and neighbouring Pakistan. Sociological study They numbered up to 500 as of 2019, and were enrolled in different institutes including Panjab University. [21], Pathans of India descend from different tribes and clans. This report found that one in two Dalit Americans live in fear of their caste being "outed". Sameer Muni termed them Veerwaal,[158] that is, belonging to Mahavira. "[13] Though the Indian Constitution abolished untouchability, the oppressed status of Dalits remains a reality. Ambedkar disliked the name as it placed Dalits in relation to a greater Hindu nation rather than as in an independent community like Muslims. [96] Notably, the Hindko-origin[97] Dilip Kumar (born Yusuf Khan)[98][99][100] and Shah Rukh Khan,[101][102][103] or the Punjabi-origin Hindu Pathans like the Kapoor family,[22][104][105] while not ethnically Pathans, are often referred to as "Pathans" due to their culture and origins in Peshawar. It is also backed by the fact that the earliest epigraphical records mentioning lekhaka ('writer') or kayastha have been made in association with Buddhism. In the 15th century, there was a schism in the Bohra community of Patan, Gujarat as many converted from Mustaali Ismaili to Sunni Islam. [80] As a result of cultural assimilation with Indians over the course of several centuries, most Pathans in India lost the ability to speak Pashto and instead adopted Hindustani or other local dialects. Dalit (from Sanskrit: , romanized:dalita meaning "broken/scattered"), also previously known as untouchable, is a name for people belonging to the lowest stratum of the castes in India. The coronavirus is intensifying that slur", "Stop using the term Dalit: I&B Ministry tells media", "Compliance or Defiance? 3rd ed. Ramnarayan Rawat posits that the association of the Chamar community with a traditional occupation of tanning was constructed, and that the Chamars were instead historically agriculturists. In addition, many Dalits found, and still find, the term patronizing and derogatory, with some even claiming that the term really refers to children of devadasis. In rural India, stated Klaus Klostermaier in 2010, "they still live in secluded quarters, do the dirtiest work, and are not allowed to use the village well and other common facilities". [21], According to Chitrarekha Gupta, it is possible that Buddhists, in their effort to create an educated non-Brahmin class, strove to popularize the utility of education and fostered those vocations that required a knowledge of writing. Guru Gobind Singh, said the following in a swayya: "Chattri ko poot ho, Baman ko naheen kayee tap aavat ha jo karon; Ar aur janjaar jito greh ko tohe tyaag, kahan chit taan mai dharon, Ab reejh ke deh vahey humko jo-oo, hau binti kar jor karoon; Jab aao ki audh nidaan bane, att hi ran main tab jujh maroon. [74], There are some Afghan businessmen who have been living in Assam for several decades. [89] In India, an increasing number of native students are learning Pashto at academic institutions such as the Jawaharlal Nehru University. A similar all-encompassing situation prevails in Nepal. Despite the etymology, Hardy says that Khatri is "a mercantile class" and Desai says the Khatris were "traditionally tradesmen and government officials". Bhatt in Himachal Pradesh are distributed in the districts of Kangra and Chamba. [citation needed], A 2009 report alleged that caste discrimination is "rife" in the United Kingdom. WebKhatri is a caste of the Indian subcontinent that is predominantly found in India, but also in Pakistan and Afghanistan.In the subcontinent, they were mostly engaged in mercantilistic professions such as banking and trade, they were the dominant commerical & financial administration class of Late-Medieval India some in Punjab often belonged to hereditary [78][13] The female equivalent used by Pathan women is Khanum or Bibi. WebDeshastha Brahmin is a Hindu Brahmin subcaste mainly from the Indian state of Maharashtra and northern area of the state of Karnataka. [74][75], In 1855, Mutka Salve, a 14-year-old student of Dalit leader Savitribai Phule, wrote that during the rule of Baji Rao of the Maratha Empire, the Dalit castes were chased away from their lands to build large buildings. [12], Modern scholars list them among Indian communities that were traditionally described as "urban-oriented", "upper caste" and part of the "well-educated" pan-Indian elite, alongside Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits, Parsis, Nagar Brahmins of Gujarat, Chitpawans and Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus (CKPs) of Maharashtra, South-Indian Brahmins including Deshastha Brahmins from Southern parts of India and upper echelons of the Muslim as well as Christian communities that made up the middle class at the time of Indian independence in 1947. The latter considered themselves superior to the former and they called themselves "Brahmakshatriyas" after arriving in Gujarat. This however was changed by Maulaya Raj, who went on to explain how highly misguided people are and explained Islam to them and invited them, hence leading to the return of most of these people back to their faith. [111][112][113] In 2003, the higher caste Muslims in Bihar opposed the burials of lower caste Muslims in the same graveyard. [181] In 2015, Cobrapost exposed many leaders especially like C. P. Thakur alongside former PM Chandra Shekhar associated with Ranvir Sena in Bihar Dalit massacres[182] while governments of Nitish Kumar (under pressure from BJP), Lalu Prasad Yadav and Rabri Devi did nothing to get justice for Dalits.