Pottery was wheel-turned. The Akkadian Empire (23352154 BC) became the dominant power in the region, and after its fall the Sumerians enjoyed a renaissance with the Neo-Sumerian Empire. most probably unsustainable. Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Intriguingly, there is also a bronze Mycenaean sword taken as war booty and found in Hattusa, the Hittite capital. [40] The most famous of these ancient underground cities are at the Cappadocian Greek villages of Anaku-Inegi () and Malakopi-Melagob (). By the end of each year, all were below estimates. This was expected to reduce the problem of businesses taking payments but not issuing an invoice. One copper mine at Great Orme in North Wales, extended to a depth of 70 meters. The sacking was Hercules' revenge for not being paid for his services to the king when he killed the sea-serpent sent by Poseidon. Many Greeks began to speak Turkish as a second language and became bilingual, this was the case with the Kouvoukliotes who were always Greek speakers and spoke Turkish with a strong Greek accent,[92] and there were Cappadocian Greeks who only spoke the Turkish language and had given up the use of Greek centuries earlier, known as the Karamanlides. [166], In March 2019, Greece sold 10-year bonds for the first time since before the bailout. Sicily was conquered by Rome during the First Punic War. The height of this urban development was reached in the Middle Bronze Age c. 2300 BC, corresponding to level V at Namazga-Depe. The Minoan civilization based in Knossos on the island of Crete appears to have coordinated and defended its Bronze Age trade. Further questions involve the way deficits of several legal entities from the non-financial corporations in the General Government sector were estimated and retroactively added to the same years' (2006 to 2009) budget deficits. [8][9] The crisis included revelations that previous data on government debt levels and deficits had been underreported by the Greek government:[10][11][12] the official forecast for the 2009 budget deficit was less than half the final value as calculated in 2010, while after revisions according to Eurostat methodology, the 2009 government debt was finally raised from $269.3bn to $299.7bn, i.e. [75] A January 2017 report[76][failed verification] by the DiaNEOsis think-tank indicated that unpaid taxes in Greece at the time totaled approximately 95billion euros, up from 76billion euros in 2015, much of it was expected to be uncollectable. The Cappadocian Greeks hid in these rock-cut underground towns from many raiders over the next millennium, from 9th century Arab invaders to 11th century Turkish conquerors to 15th century Mongols. In the middle of the 18th century, after the Hatt-i humayun, the Greek feeling was stimulated, more schools were founded in the area and Greek was taught above. It was built mostly from ashlar, but a wooden framework and plaster were also used in the construction. This name derives from the region of Cappadocia which was called Karaman by the Turks in honor of the Turkish chieftain Karamanoglu, though the Cappadocian Greeks continued to call the region Laranda, its ancient Greek name. (2013) reported the discovery of a tin bronze foil from the Plonik archaeological site securely dated to c. 4650 BC as well as 14 other artifacts from Serbia and Bulgaria dated to before 4000 BC has shown that early tin bronze was more common than previously thought, and developed independently in Europe 1500 years before the first tin bronze alloys in the Near East. Ashlar was also used to make archways through a process called corbelling, which involved layering pieces of the material to a point. Widely known in the country as The Crisis (Greek: ), it reached the populace as a series of sudden reforms and austerity measures that led to impoverishment and loss of income and property, as well as a small-scale humanitarian crisis. Instead, a division primarily based on art-historical and historical characteristics is more common. [2] Human-made tin bronze technology requires set production techniques. In Great Britain, the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from around 2100 to 750 BC. [97][99][100] One scholar characterized the state of historical knowledge as such: "To say that the history of metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa is complicated is perhaps an understatement. [169][170] On 3 May, the Eurozone countries and the IMF agreed to a three-year 110 billion loan, paying 5.5% interest,[171] conditional on the implementation of austerity measures. These villages were built on land, but generally near a stream, with roads that crossed each other at right angles. Iron was mainly used for agricultural and other tools, whereas ritual and ceremonial artifacts were mainly made of bronze. "[100], Copper smelting took place in West Africa prior to the appearance of iron smelting in the region. This episode was traditionally placed one generation before the Trojan War as the only male survivor was Laomedon's youngest son Priam, the Trojan king in the later conflict. Bronze is harder and more durable than the other metals available at the time, allowing Bronze Age civilizations to gain a technological advantage. [101][15][97] Evidence of copper mining and smelting has been found at Akjoujt, Mauretania that suggests small scale production c. 800 to 400 BC. [71][72] During this period the architect Sinan, who was born of Greek parentage and a native of Cappadocia wrote a letter to the Sultan asking for his family to be spared from this population transfer. 's' : ''}}. Various attempts were made by local governments and non-governmental agencies to alleviate the problem. Over the course of the 15th century the Ottoman Turks conquered Cappadocia from the Seljuk Turks, the Cappadocian countryside remained largely Greek populated, with a smaller Armenian population even after the Ottoman conquest. In 201219, Golden Dawn was the third largest party in the Greek Parliament. [217], As of 2016, five indirect taxes had been added to goods and services. During this period, the Osiris funerary cult rose to dominate Egyptian popular religion. [78] The 2017 DiaNEOsis study estimated that 3.5% of GDP was lost due to VAT fraud, while losses due to smuggling of alcohol, tobacco and petrol amounted to approximately another 0.5% of the country's GDP. [65] At the beginning of the 20th century, the Cappadocian Greek language still had a strong presence at Glehir (formerly Arabison/Arapsu) north-west of Nevehir, and in the large region southward as far down as Nide and Bor. [22] In the case of Greece, the high budget deficit (which, after several corrections, was revealed that it had been allowed to reach 10.2% and 15.1% of GDP in 2008 and 2009, respectively[35]) was coupled with a high public debt to GDP ratio (which, until then, was relatively stable for several years, at just above 100% of GDP- as calculated after all corrections). The methodology of revisions, has led to a certain controversy. flashcard sets, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | "The Exchange of Populations Between Greece and Turkey.". These corrections, although altering the debt level by a maximum of about 10%, resulted in a popular notion that "Greece was previously hiding its debt". [39] The crisis caused the debt level to exceed the maximum sustainable level, defined by IMF economists to be 120%. Mycenaean architecture was strongly influenced by the Minoan civilization from the island of Crete, which was itself influenced by the architecture of the Egyptians and Mesopotamians. One way to do that is to allow higher inflation in Germany but I don't see any willingness in the German government to tolerate that, or to accept a current account deficit. According to the International Homes were large and contained water systems that carried fresh water to the home and sewer systems that carried waste away from the home. For example, there is a return to handmade pottery after centuries of wares made on the wheel. Terramare was widespread in the Pianura Padana (especially along the Panaro river, between Modena and Bologna) and in the rest of Europe. Because they were living in such a volatile region, the Cappadocian Greeks created elaborate underground cities in the volcanic formations of eastern Cappadocia and would take refuge in them during times of danger. [80][needs update], In 2016 and 2017, the government was encouraging the use of credit cards and debit cards to pay for goods and services in order to reduce cash only payments. , ", "Tax hikes threaten to brew up a storm for Greece's coffee drinkers", " 337% , 9% ", " ", "World Tax Summaries: Taxation in Greece", "Greece Struggles to Get Citizens to Pay Their Taxes", " : " " ", "Greeks and the state: An uncomfortable couple", "State collected less than half of revenues due last year", "Ordinary Greeks turning to NGOs as health system hit by austerity", "Grim effects of austerity show on Greek streets", "For many in Greece, the economic crisis takes a major toll: their homes", "Magazine: Greece through the eyes of the homeless", "Greece Financial Crisis Hits Poorest and Hungriest the Hardest", "Eurostat: 1 3 ! The Greeks were removed from these villages in 1923, and they are now known as Derinkuyu and Kaymakli. It lasted for more than a millennium, from the 15th century BC until the Roman conquest in the 3rd century BC. This is a list of the 22 poleis (city states) in Italy, according to Mogens Herman Hansen. The making of Bronze Age Eurasia. () If you've been in a job where it is hard to be fired, labour market reform introduces insecurity, and you might be tempted to save more now there's a greater prospect of unemployment. [147][149], The Eurogroup clarified on 27 June that only if an agreement was reached prior to 30 June could the bailout be extended until the referendum on 5 July. Formally, a string is a finite, ordered sequence of characters such as letters, digits or spaces. The Shang dynasty (also known as the Yin dynasty)[49] of the Yellow River Valley rose to power after the Xia dynasty around 1600 BC. Why? Failure to comply with the electronic payment facility can lead to fines of up to 1,500 euros. The Trojan War was fought between Greeks and the defenders of the city of Troy in Anatolia sometime in the late Bronze Age.The story has grabbed the imagination for millennia but a conflict between Mycenaeans and Hittites may well have occurred, even if its representation in epic literature such as Homer's Iliad is almost certainly more myth than Initially, this recapitalization was accounted for as a debt increase that elevated the debt-to-GDP ratio by 24.8 points by the end of 2012. Hansen, M.H. Devon and Cornwall were major sources of tin for much of western Europe and copper was extracted from sites such as the Great Orme mine in northern Wales. [citation needed] The later Mycenaean assaults on Crete (c. 1450 BC) and Troy (c. 1250 BC) would have been a continuation of the steady encroachment of the Greeks upon the weakened Minoan world. [307][308] Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras spoke to Bloomberg about errors in the design of the first two programmes which he alleged that, by imposing too much austerity, lead to a loss of 25% of the Greek GDP. [47][48] Several Armenian royal families, which included Gagik of Ani and Adom and Abu Sahl of Vaspurakan, sought vengeance on the local Greek Orthodox population after persecutions of the Armenians and Syriac Monophysites by the Byzantines. "Troy." In recent years mummified bodies have been found in abandoned Greek monasteries of Cappadocia, and many, including bodies of mummified babies, are on display in the Nigde Archaeological Museum. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} [203], Polls showed that the vast majority of Greeks are not in favour of leaving the Eurozone. [205], Greek GDP's worst decline, 6.9%, came in 2011,[206] a year in which seasonally adjusted industrial output ended 28.4% lower than in 2005. [241] Canada was able to improve its budget position in the 1990s by devaluing its currency. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. The Medium-term Fiscal Strategy Framework 20182021 voted on 19 May 2017 introduced amendments of the provisions of the 2016 thirteenth austerity package. The first and most extensive trade routes were over rivers such as the Nile, the Tigris and the Euphrates which led to growth of cities on the banks of these rivers. The Calchaqu people of Northwest Argentina had bronze technology. Albanese Ginammi Alessandro, Conte Giampaolo, Greek Bailouts in Historical Perspective: Comparative Case Studies, 1893 and 2010|The Journal of European Economic History, 2 2016, This page was last edited on 16 November 2022, at 18:29. [10] This Greek population movement of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC solidified a Greek presence in Cappadocia. As a result, Greece's current account (trade) deficit rose significantly. [242], However, the consequences of "Grexit" could be global and severe, including:[33][243][244][245], Greece could accept additional bailout funds and debt relief (i.e. "Germany is coming across like a know-it-all in the debate over aid for Greece", commented Der Spiegel,[266] while its own government did not achieve a budget surplus during the era of 1970 to 2011,[267] although a budget surplus indeed was achieved by Germany in all three subsequent years (20122014)[268] with a spokesman for the governing CDU party commenting that "Germany is leading by example in the eurozone only spending money in its coffers". Last modified May 11, 2018. The Greeks used the term barbarian for all non-Greek-speaking peoples, including the Egyptians, Now that we understand the general characteristics of Mycenaean architecture, let's look at the citadels and palaces of some of the most important Mycenaean cities. It is marked by economic and cultural exchange. The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age system proposed in 1836 by Christian Jrgensen Thomsen for classifying and studying ancient societies and history. [1] These settlers, who began arriving in the 8th century BC, brought with them their Hellenic civilization, which left a lasting imprint on Italy (such as in the culture of ancient Rome). Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! He was a Cappadocian Greek nobleman,[20][21] possibly of Macedonian descent and was the first king of Cappadocia of wholly non-Persian blood. [143] This promise was that if Greece completed the program, but its debt-to-GDP ratio subsequently was forecast to be over 124% in 2020 or 110% in 2022 for any reason, then the Eurozone would provide debt-relief sufficient to ensure that these two targets would still be met.[154]. The south Cappadocian district, in which St. Gregory of Nazianzus once ministered, shows many signs of growing prosperity; building is going on, and the people are vacating, for houses above ground, the subterranean villages, to which they owe the preservation of their faith and language. Chang, K.C. They lived in square villages of wooden stilt houses. Germany) to the peripheral countries such as Greece began to decline. [citation needed], To keep within the monetary union guidelines, the government of Greece for many years simply misreported economic statistics. But by then the Greek and Swiss governments were seriously negotiating a tax treaty to address this issue. , 17991874). Even though Northern European Bronze Age cultures were relatively late, and came into existence via trade, sites present rich and well-preserved objects made of wool, wood and imported Central European bronze and gold. The Maniots (their name originating from the Greek word mania)[20] were known for their proud military traditions and for their bloody vendettas, many of which still continue today. The metallurgical centers of northwestern China, especially Qijia in Gansu and Kexingzhuang culture in Shaanxi, played an intermediary role in this process. [281][282], Even with such policies, Greece and other countries would face years of hard times, but at least there would be some hope of recovery. The global financial crisis had a particularly large negative impact on GDP growth rates in Greece. Significant government spending cuts helped the Greek government return to a primary budget surplus by 2014 (collecting more revenue than it paid out, excluding interest). Pre-Euro, currency devaluation helped to finance Greek government borrowing. Today their descendants can be found throughout Greece and the Greek diaspora worldwide. [33] However, recent genetic testings of sites in south Siberia and Kazakhstan (Andronovo horizon) would rather support a spreading of the bronze technology via Indo-European migrations eastwards, as this technology was well known for quite a while in western regions. His grandson Hieronymus however made an alliance with Hannibal, which prompted the Romans to besiege the city, which fell in 212 despite the machines of Archimedes, described by Proclus in his commentary on Euclid's Elements. The palace at Pylos was quite different from those of Mycenae and Tiryns. In 2010, estimated tax evasion losses for the Greek government amounted to over $20 billion. In the Amarna letters, messages from Ugarit c. 1350 BC written by Ammittamru I, Niqmaddu II, and his queen, were discovered. [91] After centuries of Ottoman rule the Turkish language began to emerge as the dominant language of Cappadocia. In the Early Bronze Age, the culture of the Kopet Dag oases and Altyndepe developed a proto-urban society. The architecture of the Mycenaean civilization, who were the earliest Greek-speaking people, was largely characterized by its focus on defense. Inside the palace was a large rectangular room called a Megaron, which acted as the center of society and politics. One of the most important cities of the civilization was Mycenae. Unlike other regions of Asia Minor where Greeks would settle in cities, most of the Greek settlements in Cappadocia and other interior Anatolian regions were villages. Troy I (c. 3000-2550 BCE) was a small village settlement surrounded by stone walls. By January 2017, taxpayers were only granted tax-allowances or deductions when payments were made electronically, with a "paper trail" of the transactions. Michael J. Bennett, Aaron J. Paul, Mario Iozzo, & Bruce M. White. Economy-wide labour reform might induce consumer spending cuts, adding another drag on a weakened economy. The Camuni were an ancient people of uncertain origin (according to Pliny the Elder, they were Euganei; according to Strabo, they were Rhaetians) who lived in Val Camonicain what is now northern Lombardyduring the Iron Age, although human groups of hunters, shepherds and farmers are known to have lived in the area since the Neolithic. The identifiable sherds from over 500 mould fragments included a perfect fit of the hilt of a sword in the Wilburton style held in Somerset County Museum.[90]. p. 68. In July 2011, private creditors agreed to a voluntary haircut of 21 percent on their Greek debt, but Eurozone officials considered this write-down to be insufficient. WebThe region became famous for exporting raw materials. having won this statue in the Amphictyonic Games, This page was last edited on 29 November 2022, at 18:26. [31] In addition, to become more competitive, Greek wages fell nearly 20% from mid-2010 to 2014,[citation needed] a form of deflation. Bronze was independently discovered in the. [61] Once in Greece though, they started using the modern Greek language,[67] causing their ancestral Greek dialect, the Cappadocian Greek language, to go to the brink of extinction. "[273], OECD projections of relative export pricesa measure of competitivenessshowed Germany beating all Eurozone members except for crisis-hit Spain and Ireland for 2012, with the lead only widening in subsequent years. [186] These banks acquired additional private investor capital contribution at minimum 10% of the conducted recapitalization. [13][14][15] At this time the language had evolved into medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, and its speakers were known as Byzantine Greeks. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. - Biography, Facts & Timeline, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. "[62], The translation of trade deficits to budget deficits works through sectoral balances. However, with the ascent of the Hittite empire, Mitanni and Egypt allied to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination. Private bondholders were required to accept extended maturities, lower interest rates and a 53.5% reduction in the bonds' face value. "Troy." [222], A mid-2017 report indicated Greeks have been "taxed to the hilt" and many believed that the risk of penalties for tax evasion were less serious than the risk of bankruptcy. Another early 2017 study estimated that the loss to the government as a result of tax evasion was between 6% and 9% of the country's GDP, or roughly between 11billion and 16billion euros per annum. Mycenae Civilization & Culture | Facts About Mycenaean Greece, Mycenaean Civilization: Social Structure | Government of the Mycenaeans, Etruscan Architecture | Characteristics, Buildings & Overview, Minoan Civilization: Social Structure & Political Organization, Christian Catacombs | Function, History, Organization & Art, Carolingian Architecture: Characteristics & Examples | Carolingian Style, Aegean Civilizations Region & People | Minoans & Mycenaeans, Minoan Religion | Overview, Mother Goddess & Symbols, Dura-Europos Synagogue | Architecture, Features, & Preservation, Etruscan Art Characteristics & Processes | Etruscan Painting & Culture, Minoan Art | History, Pottery & Paintings. To make archways, the architects used a technique called corbelling, layering pieces of ashlar to create a pointed archway that would still support the rest of the structure. After 1180 BC, amid general turmoil in the Levant conjectured to have been associated with the sudden arrival of the Sea Peoples,[9][10] the kingdom disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some of which survived until as late as the 8th century BC. Shaughnessy, E.L. "Sources of Western Zhou History", pp. [75] Today, more than 700 Greek Orthodox churches[41] and over thirty rock-carved chapels, many with preserved painted icons, Greek writing and frescos, some from the pre-iconoclastic period[39] that date back as far as the 6th century, can still be seen. [55] The relative points of reference these vessels provide have enabled historians to place most of the vessels within a certain time frame of the Western Zhou period, allowing them to trace the evolution of the vessels and the events they record. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. However, the significantly weaker performance of Syriza and PASOK's endurance as a competing centre-left party could signal continued party system fluidity. Western Asia and the Near East were the first regions to enter the Bronze Age, which began with the rise of the Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer in the mid-4th millennium BC. Labour costs increased more (from a lower base) in peripheral countries such as Greece relative to core countries such as Germany without compensating rise in productivity, eroding Greece's competitive edge. The palace at Tiryns was located near Mycenae, somewhere near Argos, which was south of Mycenae. Ancient Troy was never forgotten though. The first Greek city to be absorbed into the Roman Republic was Neapolis in 327 BC. For the racehorse, see. The Akkadians conquered large areas of the Levant and were followed by the Amorite kingdoms, c. 20001600 BC, which arose in Mari, Yamhad, Qatna, Assyria. The Canegrate culture developed from the mid-Bronze Age (13th century BC) until the Iron Age in the Pianura Padana, in what are now western Lombardy, eastern Piedmont and Ticino. [116] He was cleared of charges of inflating Greece's deficit in February 2019. The Persian poet Rumi (12071273), whose name means "Roman", referring to his residence amongst the "Roman" Greek speakers of Cappadocia, wrote a few poems in Cappadocian Greek. The Chinese bronze artifacts generally are either utilitarian, like spear points or adze heads, or "ritual bronzes", which are more elaborate versions in precious materials of everyday vessels, as well as tools and weapons. Ancient Greek colonies and their dialect groupings in Magna Graecia. Many Mycenaean cities were in a citadel, which is a fortified city or part of a city. [31] Both the Greek trade deficit and budget deficit rose from below 5% of GDP in 1999 to peak around 15% of GDP in the 20082009 periods. The social, economic, and legal positions of enslaved people have differed vastly in different systems of slavery in different times and places. [21] Another group of Maniot Greeks moved to Corsica in the 17th century under the protection of the Republic of Genoa. Tiryns and Mycenae both had underground cisterns to provide fresh water to the city. Social groups appear to have been tribal but with growing complexity and hierarchies becoming apparent. This included a bank recapitalization package worth 48bn. Generally speaking, the period seems a less prosperous one but foreign contact is further evidenced by the presence of Anatolian influenced dome ovens and Minoan pottery. University of California Press, 1982. [125], On 17 October 2011, Minister of Finance Evangelos Venizelos announced that the government would establish a new fund, aimed at helping those who were hit the hardest from the government's austerity measures. The Mitanni was a loosely organized state in northern Syria and south-east Anatolia from c. 15001300 BC. [79], The solution demanded by Greece had still not been effected as of 2015; when there was an estimated 80billion of taxes evaded on Swiss bank accounts. Find out more about Mycenaean architecture in this lesson. Abydos remained the major holy land in the south. License. During the Early Middle Ages, following the disastrous Gothic War, new waves of Byzantine Christian Greeks may have come to Southern Italy from Greece and Asia Minor, as Southern Italy remained loosely governed by the Eastern Roman Empire. [195], Initially, European banks had the largest holdings of Greek debt. They have a master's degree in religious studies from Western Kentucky University and a bachelor's degree in English literature and religious studies from Western Kentucky University. [78][79] The provinces of Cappadocia and Lycaonia had a large number of Greek settlements and sizeable populations in urban centres such as Kayseri, Nigde, and Konya. After the Bronze Age collapse, their political influence was confined to many Syro-Hittite states, which were entirely absorbed into the Neo-Assyrian Empire by the 8th century BC. [43] Others believe the Erlitou sites belong to the preceding Xia (WadeGiles: Hsia) dynasty. In Ban Chiang, Thailand, (Southeast Asia) bronze artifacts have been discovered dating to 2100 BC. Founded by an Indo-Aryan ruling class that governed a predominantly Hurrian population, Mitanni came to be a regional power after the Hittite destruction of Kassite Babylon created a power vacuum in Mesopotamia. It represents the first advanced and distinctively Greek civilization in mainland Greece with its palatial states, urban organization, works of art, and writing system. [81] The colonies of the Minoan empire then suffered drought, famine, war, or some combination of those three, and had no access to the distant resources of an empire by which they could easily recover. In December 2012 the Troika provided Greece with more debt relief, while the IMF extended an extra 8.2bn of loans to be transferred from January 2015 to March 2016. The First Intermediate Period of Egypt,[13] often described as a "dark period" in ancient Egyptian history, spanned about 100 years after the end of the Old Kingdom from about 2181 to 2055 BC. [96][97] Christoforos Sardelis, former head of Greece's Public Debt Management Agency, said that the country did not understand what it was buying. WebGreece faced a sovereign debt crisis in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 20072008.Widely known in the country as The Crisis (Greek: ), it reached the populace as a series of sudden reforms and austerity measures that led to impoverishment and loss of income and property, as well as a small-scale humanitarian crisis. Migration brought new people to the islands from the continent. Other examples include Nea Karvali in northern Greece, and Neo Prokopi in central Greece. The propylon was made from ashlar, or cut stone. [252] A key issue has been the benefits it enjoyed through the crisis, including falling borrowing rates (as Germany, along with other strong Western economies, was seen as a safe haven by investors during the crisis), investment influx, and exports boost thanks to Euro's depreciation (with profits that may have reached 100bn Euros, according to some estimates),[253][254][255][256][257][258][259][260][261] as well as other profits made through loans. c) A general fragmentation of the popular vote. [238] Iceland made a dramatic recovery following the default of its commercial banking system in 2008, in part due to the devaluing of the krona (ISK). Greece was able to continue borrowing because of the lower interest rates for Euro bonds, in combination with strong GDP growth. Middle Syrian; corresponding to the Late Bronze. Hypocrisy has been alleged on multiple bases. [7] In the 11th century Seljuq Turks arriving from Central Asia conquered the region, beginning its gradual shift in language and religion. "[233], In a study by Eurostat, it was found that 1 in 3 Greek citizens lived under poverty conditions in 2016.[234]. The whole treasure consists of 20,000 gold jewelerry items from 18 to 23 carats. Slavery has been found in some It is also known that in this era the breadbasket of the Minoan empire, the area north of the Black Sea, also suddenly lost much of its population, and thus probably some capacity to cultivate crops. Philadelphia: Univ. The Mycenaeans typically built their citadels on hilltops and contained most of the city inside of them, including the palace. Knowledge of navigation was well developed at this time and reached a peak of skill not exceeded (except perhaps by Polynesian sailors) until 1730 when the invention of the chronometer enabled the precise determination of longitude. These documents tell of local unrest and Mycenaean support of local rebellion against Hittite control in the area of Troy and suggest a possible motive for regional rivalry between the two civilizations. [97] However, evidence for copper production in this region before 1000 BC is debated. [77], Following similar actions by the United Kingdom and Germany, the Greek government was in talks with Switzerland in 2011, to try to force Swiss banks to reveal information on the bank accounts of Greek citizens. (1990). The Mycenaeans were Thank you! Their effective use is still debated: some scholars considered them as monumental tombs, others as Houses of the Giants, other as fortresses, ovens for metal fusion, prisons or, finally, temples for a solar cult. The modern region of Cappadocia is famous for the churches carved into cliffs and rock faces in the Greme and Soanl valleys. 1916. The VAT deficit due to tax evasion was estimated at 34% in early 2017. Foothill regions and glacial melt streams supported Bronze Age agropastoralists who developed complex eastwest trade routes between Central Asia and China that introduced wheat and barley to China and spread millet across Central Asia.[29]. The Greek expression Megl Hells, later translated into Latin as Magna Graecia, first appears in Polybius' Histories,[2] where he ascribed the term to Pythagoras and his philosophical school. [278] In July 2012, the IMF added its call for higher wages and prices in Germany, and for reform of parts of the country's economy to encourage more spending by its consumers.[279]. Helen is a Greek tragedy by Euripides (c. 484-407 BCE). Very little monumental evidence survives from this period, especially from the early part of it. It is widely accepted that the persistent misreporting and lack of credibility of Greece's official statistics over many years was an important enabling condition for the buildup of Greece's fiscal problems and eventually its debt crisis. Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia, where they intermingled with the native Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian) population. [97], The Moche civilization of South America independently discovered and developed bronze smelting. [215], In response to the crisis, the Greek governments resolved to raise the tax rates dramatically. As of 2015, various European countries still had a substantial amount of loans extended to Greece. WebThe economy of Greece is the 53rd largest in the world, with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of $222.008 billion per annum. [22] Thus, the country appeared to lose control of its public debt to GDP ratio, which already reached 127% of GDP in 2009. The Mycenaeans created a pipe or tunnel system to carry water from natural springs outside of the citadel into the cisterns inside of the citadel to supply fresh water. [41] Significantly, together with the jade art that precedes it, bronze was seen as a "fine" material for ritual art when compared with iron or stone. [17] The Italian parliament recognizes the Griko people as an ethnolinguistic minority under the official name of Minoranze linguistiche Grike dell'Etnia Griko-Calabrese e Salentina.[18]. [162] The International Monetary Fund stated that the country should be able to borrow again "in due course". The uncollected amount that year was about 4.9billion euros. Much of this is due to the fact that Greece has a vast underground economy, which was estimated to be about the size of a quarter of the country's GDP before the crisis. Bronze and iron smelting techniques spread to the Japanese archipelago through contact with other ancient East Asian civilizations, particularly immigration and trade from ancient Korean peninsula and ancient mainland China. [75] Several Minoan client states lost much of their population to famine and/or pestilence. The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. Emperor Constantine (reign 324-337 CE) even planned to build his new capital at Troy and some construction work began until Constantinople was chosen instead. The most important of them was a dagger made of gold and platinum with an unusual edge. Its culture played a crucial role in the Gutian Empire and especially during the Iranian Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded it. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. As a result, Greek became the lingua franca of the region's natives. [178][179][211], From 2009 to 2012, the Greek GDP declined by more than a quarter, causing a " depression dynamic" in the country.[212]. [202], In a May 2011 poll, 62% of respondents felt that the IMF memorandum that Greece signed in 2010 was a bad decision that hurt the country, while 80% had no faith in the Minister of Finance, Giorgos Papakonstantinou, to handle the crisis. The Romans also held Troy in high regard and even referred to the city as 'Sacred Ilium'. Mental Health Nursing (Online), 33(6), 19. [226] In February 2012, it was reported that 20,000 Greeks had been made homeless during the preceding year, and that 20 per cent of shops in the historic city centre of Athens were empty. The Kulli culture,[20][21] similar to those of the Indus Valley civilisation, was located in southern Balochistan (Gedrosia) c. 25002000 BC. [68] European visitors to the sultans' realms would also subjectively label any Muslim a "Turk" regardless of his or her mother tongue. Homer describes Troy as 'well-founded', 'strong-built' and 'well-walled'; there are also several references to fine battlements, towers and 'high' and 'steep' walls. "[95] In the context of this controversy, the former head of Greece's statistical agency, Andreas Georgiou, has been accused of inflating Greece's budget deficit for the aforementioned years. [56] Cappadocian Greeks were also employed as architects, such as Kalo Yianni, who was commissioned to build the Gk Medrese (Sivas) in 1271. The name "Israel" first appears c. 1209 BC, at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the very beginning of the Iron Age, on the Merneptah Stele raised by the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah. The scientists suggest that the Karlovo valley used to be a major crafts center which exported golden jewelry all over Europe. [64], Although the Karamanlides abandoned Greek when they learned Turkish they remained Greek Orthodox Christians and continued to write using the Greek Alphabet. [45] During the tenth century the Byzantine Empire had pushed east into formerly Arab-ruled lands, including most of Armenia, and had resettled thousands of Armenians into various regions of Cappadocia. There is very little evidence of any large-scale war but the possibility of smaller conflicts is evidenced in Hittite texts where 'Ahhiyawa' is recognised as referring to Mycenaean Greeks and 'Wilusa' as the region of which Ilios was the capital. Expectations of life: A study in the demography, statistics, and history of world mortality. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Sofoklis Avraam Choudaverdoglou-Theodotos, Ottoman Population, 18301914, Demographic and Social Characteristics. [35], By the fifth century the last of the Indo-European native languages of Anatolia ceased to be spoken, replaced by Koine Greek. In 1838 British scholar Robert Ainsworth wrote that "The Cappadocian Greeks are, generally speaking, pleasing and unreserved in their manners, and their conversation indicated a very high degree of intelligence and civilization, where there are so few books, and so little education, and consequently, little learning. At the height of its power, during the 14th century BC, it had outposts centered on its capital, Washukanni, which archaeologists have located on the headwaters of the Khabur River. Worldwide, the Bronze Age generally followed the Neolithic period, with the Chalcolithic serving as a transition. In marked contrast to Mycenaean palaces, there is no evidence of sculpture or fresco-painted walls. The palace at Pylos, called the Palace of Nestor, was slightly different and was not built as a defensive structure since it was located on the Mediterranean Sea. The Mesopotamian Bronze Age began about 3500 BC and ended with the Kassite period (c. 1500 BC c. 1155 BC). With a rough date range of late 3rd millennium BC to the first millennium AD, this site alone has various artifacts such as burial pottery (dating from 2100 to 1700 BC), fragments of Bronze, copper-base bangles, and much more. This reflected the difficulties that Spain, Portugal, Italy and Ireland had faced (along with Greece) before ECB-head Mario Draghi signaled a pivot to looser monetary policy. The economic and social crisis had profound political effects. It takes its name from Golasecca, a locality next to the Ticino where, in the early 19th century, abbot Giovanni Battista Giani excavated its first findings (some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects). [220] Some firms relocated abroad to avoid the country's higher tax rates. The city began as a small Old Syrian; corresponding to the Middle Bronze. [78] According to 1897 estimations, the sanjak of Konya had a total Greek population of 68.101 (6.6%) and according to Ottoman population statistics of 1914, the sanjak of Nide had a total Greek population of 58.312 (20%) and the sanjak of Kayseri had a total of 26.590 (10,1%). He also said he learned that "other EU countries such as Italy" had made similar deals (while similar cases were reported for other countries, including Belgium, Portugal, and even Germany). Ancient geographers differed on whether the term included Sicily or merely Apulia, Campania and Calabria, Strabo and Livy being the most prominent advocates of the wider definitions.[7]. After Greece's January snap election, the Troika granted a further four-month technical extension of its bailout programme; expecting that the payment terms would be renegotiated before the end of April,[138] allowing for the review and the last financial transfer to be completed before the end of June. This ratio was the world's third highest after Japan and Zimbabwe. In modern scholarship, the chronology of the Bronze Age Levant is divided into Early/Proto Syrian; corresponding to the Early Bronze. Helped To Mask Debt Fueling Europe's Crisis", "Press Release: Fiscal Data For The Years 20062009", "Greek debt to reach 120.8 pct of GDP in '10 draft", "Former Head of ELSTAT Will Face Charges for Allegedly Inflating 2009 Deficit, Supreme Court Says", "Man Who Revealed Depth of Greece's Financial Quagmire Is Cleared", "Miranda Xafa: A Statistician's Ordeal The Case of Andreas Georgiou", "80 Former Chief Statisticians Condemn Prosecution of Andreas Georgiou IAOS", "ASA Statement, Prominent Individuals Urge Greek Authorities to Halt Prosecutions of Andreas Georgiou", "Eurostat Newsrelease 170/2010: Provision of deficit and debt data for 2009 Second notification", "Greece's revised 2009 deficit tops 15% of GDP: Eurostat lifts reservations over Greek methodology", "Greek debt write-down must be larger: German finance minister", "The Greek debt restructuring: an autopsy", ": ", "Greece Must Speed Up Asset Sales, Win Investment, Minister Says", "The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece Fourth Review", "IMF Country Report No. WebThe Ancient Greek name (brbaros) or "barbarian" was an antonym for (polits), "citizen" (from polis, "city").The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek , pa-pa-ro, written in Linear B syllabic script.. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. [31] Gregory of Nazianzus (c. 330c. However, Tiryns used tunnels to supply this water while Mycenae used clay pipes. Trade routes were not only over land but also over water. Some regions of southern Italy experienced demographic shifts as Greeks began to migrate northwards in significant numbers from regions further south; one such region was Cilento, which came to have a Greek-speaking majority. [103] A later appearance of limited bronze smelting in West Mexico suggests either contact of that region with Andean cultures or separate discovery of the technology. Durham, N.C: Carolina Academic Press. These countries might see interest rates rise on their bonds, complicating debt service. Finds at the site point to the existence of a thriving wool industry and the first use of horses, recalling Homer's oft-used epithet 'horse-taming Trojans'. [72][73] During the Ottoman era, Cappadocian Greeks would migrate to Constantinople and other large cities to do business. The walls would have once been topped by a mud brick and wood superstructure and with closely fitting stonework sloping inwards; as the walls rise they certainly fit the Homeric description of 'strong-built Troy'. After the Mycenaean age ended in about 1100BC, Greece entered a Dark Age. In 2018, the Greek Merchant Navy controlled the world's largest merchant fleet, in By the 15th Dynasty, they ruled lower Egypt, and they were expelled at the end of the 17th Dynasty. The Deverel-Rimbury culture began to emerge in the second half of the Middle Bronze Age (c. 14001100 BC) to exploit these conditions. [104], Trade and industry played a major role in the development of the ancient Bronze Age civilizations. White, W.C.: "Bronze Culture of Ancient China", p. 208. Knossos, Mycenae, Troy: The Enchanting Bronze Age and its Tumultuous Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. [230], The Greek government was unable to commit the necessary resources to homelessness, due in part to austerity measures. [189] Shares not sold by the end of December 2017 may be sold to alternative investors. [32] One driver of the investment inflow was Greece's membership in the EU and the Eurozone. Shaughnessy, E.L. "Sources of Western Zhou History", p. 107. The government predicted a structural surplus in 2014,[131][132] opening access to the private lending market to the extent that its entire financing gap for 2014 was covered via private bond sales.[133]. The area known as Cappadocia today was known to the Ancient Persians as Katpatuka, a name which the Greeks altered into Kappadokia (Cappadocia). In commercial cities like Kayseri and Malakopea upper-level education and arts flourished under the protection of a cosmopolitan middle class. "[248], So what, in brief, is happening? Additionally, the climate was deteriorating; where once the weather was warm and dry it became much wetter as the Bronze Age continued, forcing the population away from easily defended sites in the hills and into the fertile valleys. Public debt peaked at 356billion in 2011; it was reduced by a bailout program to 305billion in 2012 and then rose slightly. According to Jan Romgard, "bronze and iron tools seems to have traveled from west to east as well as the use of wheeled wagons and the domestication of the horse." [163] On 13 July, the Greek government sent a letter of intent to the IMF with 21 commitments it promised to meet by June 2018. The palace at Mycenae was located in the center of the city. The late Bronze Age Urnfield culture (1300700 BC) is characterized by cremation burials. It probably bordered it, and may even be an alternative term for it (at least during some periods). The Mycenaean citadels were typically built on hilltops and had Cyclopean walls, which were made from stones so large that only a giant could move them, according to legend. Other names for Troy include Hisarlik (Turkish), Ilios (Homer), Ilion (Greek) and Ilium (Roman). Causes found by others included excess government spending, current account deficits, tax avoidance and tax evasion.[36]. [110] Such off market swaps were not originally registered as debt because Eurostat statistics did not include such financial derivatives until March 2008, when Eurostat issued a Guidance note that instructed countries to record as debt such instruments. The Romans called this area Magna Graecia (Latin for "Greater Greece") since it was so densely inhabited by the Greeks. Significant financial losses for Eurozone countries and the IMF, which are owed the majority of Greece's roughly 300billion national debt. [289] The second economic adjustment programme for Greece called for a further labour cost reduction in the private sector of 15% during 20122014. [15][96] As such, most African civilizations outside of Egypt did not experience a distinct Bronze Age. [citation needed], Radivojevic et al. One example is the Griko people in Calabria and Salento, some of whom still maintain their Greek language and customs. 11 Dec 2022. [203] (Venizelos replaced Papakonstantinou on 17 June). Assessing the impact of the financial crisis in mental health in greece. University of Toronto Press, 1956. The Mumun period is known for the origins of intensive agriculture and complex societies in both the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago. [173][174][175], Greece brought down its primary deficit from 25bn (11% of GDP) in 2009 to 5bn (2.4% of GDP) in 2011. Indeed, perhaps unwittingly, Schliemann would add 2000 years to Western history, which had previously gone back only as far as the first Olympiad of 776 BCE. Organized trade between Anatolia and Mesopotamia started to emerge during the period of the Akkadian Empire, usurping the area of the related but earlier Mycenaean Greeks. [177] The unemployment rate grew from 7.5% in September 2008 to an unprecedented 19.9% in November 2011. [19] Greeks immigrated once again to the region in the 16th and 17th centuries in reaction to the conquest of the Peloponnese by the Ottoman Empire. The Trojan Plain c. 1200 BCESimeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-SA). Cappadocian Greek diverged from the other Byzantine Greek dialects early, beginning with the Turkish conquests of central Asia Minor in the 11th and 12th centuries, and so developed several radical features, such as the loss of the gender for nouns. The Late Harappan culture, which dates from 1900 to 1400 BC, overlapped the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age; thus it is difficult to date this transition accurately. The program will feature the breadth, power and journalism of rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and producers. Princeton University Press. [114] The figure for Greek government debt at the end of 2009 increased from its first November estimate at 269.3 billion (113% of GDP)[87][115] to a revised 299.7 billion (127% of GDP[20]). In its January 2010 report on Greek Government Deficit and Debt Statistics, the European Commission/Eurostat wrote (page 28): "On five occasions since 2004 reservations have been expressed by Eurostat on the Greek data in the biannual press release on deficit and debt data. The young men go off to Constantinople for a few years, and then return to marry and build a house; a couple of years of married life sees the end of their savings, and they have to revisit the capital, sometimes remaining there ten or fifteen years, to earn sufficient to support themselves and their wives for the remainder of their livesThe people have no marked political aspirations such as those which prevail amongst the Greeks of the west coast; they dream, it is true, of a new Byzantine Empire, but any sympathies they can spare from an all-absorbing love of money and gain are devoted to the Russian. ", "Greece sign 285M euro financing deal for energy projects", "Greece granted 285m for energy projects", ": ", " : , , , ", "The Greek spirit of resistance turns its guns on the IMF", "Industrial production down by 1.1% in euro area in December 2011 compared with November 2011", "Eurozone debt crisis live: UK credit rating under threat amid Moody's downgrade blitz", "Greece defaults on $1.7 billion IMF payment", "Greece: Preliminary Draft Debt Sustainability Analysis", " ! [221] Tax debts in Greece are now equal to 90% of annual tax revenue, which is the worst number in all industrialized nations. Ambrosetti, El bronze de la regin calchaqu, Buenos Aires, 1904. [8] The other Greek cities in Italy followed during the Samnite Wars and the Pyrrhic War; Taras was the last to fall in 272. The forest resources of Bronze Age Cyprus. WebThe area known as Cappadocia today was known to the Ancient Persians as Katpatuka, a name which the Greeks altered into Kappadokia (Cappadocia).. Before Greeks and Greek culture arrived in Asia Minor, the area was controlled by another Indo-European people, the Hittites. Instances of Greek-speaking towns are Nide, Gelvere, Melegobi (), and Ortaky in Soanl Deresi. Held, and Sturt W. Manning. One is the increased contact with bacterial and/or fungal pathogens due to increased population density and land clearing/cultivation. WebIn c. 1600 BC, the Mycenaean Greeks borrowed from the Minoan civilization its syllabic writing system and developed their own syllabic script known as Linear B, providing the first and oldest written evidence of Greek. There are five main types of flat axes: Lough Ravel (c. 2200 BC), Ballybeg (c. 2000 BC), Killaha (c. 2000 BC), Ballyvalley (c. 20001600 BC), Derryniggin (c. 1600 BC), and a number of metal ingots in the shape of axes.[91]. Dawkins, R.M. The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time when the rule of Egypt was roughly divided between two competing for power bases: Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt and Thebes in Upper Egypt. A. J. Graham, "The colonial expansion of Greece", in John Boardman et al., Proclus Phil., In primum Euclidis elementorum librum commentarii Page 41, line 7, , , , , , , , , , , Second Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Hellenic Heritage of Southern Italy, The Greeks in the West: genetic signatures of the Hellenic colonisation in southern Italy and Sicily, Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&oldid=1126291047, Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 65h century BC (previously a 8th century harbour of Kyme known as Parthenope), Antimnestos of Zankle (or perhaps Artimedes of Chalkis), 7th century BC, perhaps late 8th century BC, Daskon of Syracuse and Menekolos of Corinth, Pentathlos, Gorgos, Thestor and Epithersides, Perieres of Kyme and Krataimenes of Chalkis. Altyndepe was a major center even then. Integration is thought to have been peaceful, as many of the early henge sites were seemingly adopted by the newcomers. [72] In 2015, estimates indicated that the amount of evaded taxes stored in Swiss banks was around 80billion euros. Ireland is also known for a relatively large number of Early Bronze Age burials. WebThe Greek Dark Ages is the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean palatial civilization, around 1100 BC, to the beginning of the Archaic age, around 750 BC.. Archaeological evidence shows a widespread collapse of Bronze Age civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean world at the outset of the period, as the great palaces and cities of [73][74] On 1 March 2016 Switzerland ratified an agreement creating a new tax transparency law to fight tax evasion more effectively. A wealth of information indicates that the BMAC had close international relations with the Indus Valley, the Iranian Plateau, and possibly even indirectly with Mesopotamia, and all civilizations were very familiar with lost wax casting.[31]. [22] The region of Cappadocia produced some notable Greek individuals in antiquity, such as Apollonius of Tyana (1st century ad) who was a Greek Neo-Pythagorean philosopher[23] who became well known in the Roman Empire and Aretaeus of Cappadocia (81138 AD) who was a native Greek, born in Cappadocia and is considered to have been one of the foremost surgeons in antiquity. No written language existed in the Nordic countries during the Bronze Age. If this expertise was concentrated in Crete, then the Mycenaeans may have made political and commercial mistakes in administering the Cretan empire. [40] As late as the 20th century the locals were still using the underground cities to escape periodic waves of Ottoman persecution. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Troy VI (c. 1750-1300 BCE) is the period most visible today at the site and is the most likely candidate for the besieged city of Homer's Trojan War. deflation, which would enable Greece gradually to regain competitiveness. This was the highest for any EU country. Between 2009 and 2017, the Greek government debt rose from 300bn to 318bn. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. [143] Both were rejected, raising the prospect of recessionary capital controls to avoid a collapse of the banking sector and Greek exit from the Eurozone. Some of these Hellenic colonies still stand today such as Neapolis ("New City", now Naples), Syracuse, Akragas (Agrigento), Taras (Taranto), Rhegion (Reggio Calabria), or Kroton (Crotone). The preceding period is known as the Copper Age and is characterised by the production of flat axes, daggers, halberds and awls in copper. The production of Erlitou in Henan represents the earliest large-scale metallurgy industry in the Central Plains of China. "Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, "The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology", "Agriculture in the Central Asian Bronze Age", "Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians", "Questions of Ancient Human Settlements in Xinjiang and the Early Silk Road Trade, with an Overview of the Silk Road Research Institutions and Scholars in Beijing, Gansu, and Xinjiang", "A Discussion on Early Metals and the Origins of Bronze Casting in China", "1000 BC to 300 AD: Korea | Asia for Educators | Columbia University", "High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object", "Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT)", "Bronze from Ban Chiang, Thailand: A view from the Laboratory", "Nyaunggan City Archaeological Sites in Myanmar", "Middle Bronze Age History, Trade, Notes, Further reading, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "The great Minoan eruption of Thera volcano and the ensuing tsunami in the Greek Archipelago", http://ancient-treasure.info/ancient-civilizations-treasures/dabene-civilization.html, "Story of most murderous people of all time revealed in ancient DNA", "Steppe migrant thugs pacified by Stone Age farming women", "The invasion that wiped out every man from Spain 4,500 years ago", "Did They or Didn't They Invent It? This was expected to reduce the opportunity by vendors to avoid the payment of VAT (sales) tax and income tax. Li-Liu; The Chinese Neolithic, Cambridge University Press, 2005. Many would lose all of their belongings due to corrupt officials and looters. [50] During this chaotic period there is evidence that some native Cappadocian Greeks had joined the invading Turkish nomads. The Thera eruption occurred c. 1600 BC, 110km (68mi) north of Crete. [228] In particular, as for the number who reported having attempted suicide, there was an increased suicidality amid economic crisis in Greece, an increase of 36% from 2009 to 2011. Thousands of rock carvings depict ships, most probably representing sewn plank built canoes for warfare, fishing, and trade. However, this shifted as the "troika" (ECB, IMF and a European government-sponsored fund) gradually replaced private investors as Greece's main creditor, by setting up the EFSF. [19] This Bronze Age culture is called the BactriaMargiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC). On 5 May 2010, a national strike was held in opposition. [70], Dating back to the Neolithic Age, the first bronze drum, called the Dong Son drum, were uncovered in and around the Red River Delta regions of Northern Vietnam and Southern China. According to a research paper by Credit Suisse, "Solving the periphery economic imbalances does not only rest on the periphery countries' shoulders even if these countries have been asked to bear most of the burden. 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