The photon counting method used over the . Semantic Scholar's Logo. Proper handling and storage of TLD elements ensures accurate measures of radiation exposure and occupational dose. ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads. (1990) ISBN:0812113101. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. REUSABLE One of the biggest TLD dosimeter pros is that TLD dosimeters is that they are easily reusable. Lucas PA, Aubineau-Lanice I, Loureno V, Vermesse D, Cutarella D. Med Phys. Results of LiF:Mg,Cu,P X-ray irradiated showed 4.8 times higher sensitivity than TLD-100. (a) $H=0.9 \mathrm{~m}$ What takes into account the amount of time the beam is on and directed at a particular barrier? If you need help understanding what dosimeters your organization needs, please contact our world-class customer service team, and they will be happy to provide guidance. A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is used to count this light emitted and the amount of light emitted is proportional to the amount of ionizing radiation exposure the dosimeter received. https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/radiation-sensitivity-thermoluminescent-dosimeter-sensors. It is has a precision of 15% for low doses. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Dosimetry. Fig. The ecc values measured for 204 calibrated TLD elements presented in Fig. Additionally, the transparency of the LiF:Mg,Cu,P material itself may affect the ecc although the appearance is different from the related features in Teflon. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Results obtained for 204 calibrated TLD elements indicate the direct correlation of radiation sensitivity of TLD cards and their Teflon encapsulation transparency. The response of TLD-100, CaSO4:Dy and LiF:Mg,Cu,P for a range of X-ray low dose was measured. Radiation exposure is broken into two types. The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information The IAEA mainly focuses on cooperation in the nuclear field and seeks to promote the safe, secure, and peaceful use of nuclear technologies in the world. A thermoluminescent dosimeter, abbreviated as TLD, is a passive radiation dosimeter that measures ionizing radiation exposure by measuring the intensity of visible light emitted from a sensitive crystal in the detector when the crystal is heated. 3 displaying the aged TLD cards. This movement creates a light pulse to be emitted also known as luminescence. It also has a higher dynamic range and are re-usable 3. . How may cell damage be manifested? Experimental setup for transparency measurements. (can be multiple). The upper left TLD element was entirely removed for the reference measurements. Their main drawback is that their accuracy is limited to typically 3-5%. define "heat bloom", or, "focal spot bloom". Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. Careers. D. They include genetic mutations. The thermoluminescent dosimeter was invented in 1954 by Professor Farrington Daniels at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. 11 They are caused when a large dose of high-LET radiation is received by a large area of the body. 1017-53 . The ring badge is optimal for radiation workers whose job functions potentially require their arms or legs to receive a higher exposure. Skip to search form Skip to main content Skip to account menu. Walls that may be struck by the primary beam require: To what height must in-wall secondary protective barriers extend? Using Thermoluminescent Dosimeters to Measure the Dose From High - Read online for free. Single-crystalline films (SCFs) of the LuAG: Ce garnet grown using the liquid-phase epitaxy method onto YAG single-crystal (SC) substrates were investigated for possible applications as composite thermoluminescent (TL) detectors. Presented curves utilize the weighted (10 %) fit of the data. The transparency measurement of the Teflon encapsulation film is performed at experimental setup presented in Fig. TLD-700s were attached to a LLNL phantom to measure the dose from a 3 and 6MeV accelerator. The sequence of the measurements was designed so that a smaller TLD element number on x-axis of Fig. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Webmaster | Contact Us | Our Other Offices. The film badge is used to measure and record radiation exposure due to gamma rays, X-rays and beta particles. A thermoluminescent dosimeter, abbreviated as TLD, is a passive radiation dosimeter that measures ionizing radiation exposure by measuring the intensity of visible light emitted from a sensitive crystal in the detector when the crystal is heated. A thermoluminescent dosimeter measures ionizing radiation exposure by measuring the intensity of light emitted from a Dy or B doped crystal in the detector when . A TLD can measure does betweem 0.1mSv and 10Sv. PMC You may have heard the acronym TLD, but what exactly does it stand for? The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. heat: 99% x-ray: 1%. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. A radiation dosimeter or badge does not provide protection but detects and measures radiation that you have been exposed to. Ionizing radiation includes ultraviolet radiation, radon, x-rays, and gamma rays. Ring Dosimeter Measures exposures to the extremities and skin from external sources of gamma radiation and x-ray exposure or beta radiation with maximum energy greater than 0.7 MeV with a minimum reportable dose of 20 mrem. These instruments are often worn by personnel near the torso as this represents the primary location of body mass and organs, but they may also be attached to objects. Nothing occurs 3. Thermoluminescence dosimetry and its applications in medicine--Part 1: Physics, materials and equipment. It was placed in front of the TLD card opening so that only the Teflon film area was illuminated. Describe how the varying electric current produced by a CD player in a radio station is converted into radio waves. The effect of encapsulation material on sensitivity of TLDs was investigated by the comparison of Teflon transparency in the TLD cards calibrated to the same dose. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and films badges are wearable devices that measure ionizing radiation exposure levels. In the on-going project absorbed dose rates are measured in the direct vicinity of the samples in three different modules of the Russian segment by applying sets of passive dosimeters. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies There are three types of personal dosimeters: film "badges," the new Luxel technology, and TLDs (thermoluminescent dosimeters). The ion-chamber dosimeter, like the thermoluminescent one, is reusable, but it is self-reading for immediate determination of exposure. 2022 Oct 19;23(20):12563. doi: 10.3390/ijms232012563. THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETER (Technical Report) | OSTI.GOV skip to main content Sign In Create Account Show searchShow menu U.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Scientific and Technical Information Search terms:Advanced search options Advanced Search OptionsAdvanced Search queries use a traditional Term Search. OSTI.GOV Technical Report: LOW DOSE MEASUREMENTS WITH THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETERS. CaSO4:Dy showed a linearity from 0.1 to 60 mGy. (Hint: Assume that the shell was formed by removing a cone with a circular base of radius $a$ from a cone with a circular base of radius $a+t$, where $t$ is the thickness of the wall. And what does it do? Required when working with more than 1 mCi of P-32, I-125, Cr-51, Na-22, Fe-59, Rb-86, Cl-36 or x-ray diffraction unit. Attenuation may be defined as: A. radiation that emerges from the patient. The radiation sensitivity of a Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD) is defined as dosimeter light output per dose unit. TLDs can measure doses from 0.01 mGy to 10 Gy 3. The thermoluminescent dosimeter reader uses a specially designed reader that heats the dosimeter at a controlled rate. OSL dosimeters are arguably more helpful for pregnant women and other employees operating in lower-radiation environments. Our TLD-XBGN is a four-element radiation TLD badge with a minimal reportable dose of 10 mrem (0.10 mSv) and a lower limit of detection of 1 mrem (0.01 mSv). Full Record; Other Related Research; Authors: Shambon, A; McLaughlin, J E Publication Date: Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 1968 Personnel exposure to radiation is: A. higher because there is more scatter radiation present. The energy response of TLDs is one facet that is often tested specifically the difference between standard TLDs and high-sensitivity TLDs to observe how radiation interacts. A TLD is considered to be a passive radiation detection device and has become the most commonly used solid-state radiation detector for personnel monitoring. In this article well deep dive into all things TLDs and their importance in radiation dosimetry. The TLD elements produced before 2005 have significantly higher ecc (lower sensitivity) values than TLD elements produced in 2015-2016. TLD light output depends not only on the sensitivity of the TLD elements (Fig.1) but also on the transparency of the Teflon used for their encapsulation. These detectors were obtained using the Liquid Phase Epitaxy growth method from the melt solution based on the PbO . B. changes in the x-ray beam as it travels through the patient. Lock The radiation sensitivity of a Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)is defined as dosimeter light output per dose unit. Want to learn more about RDCs TLD badge solutions? TLD emit light photons proportional to the irradiation dose when heated. An official website of the United States government. with exposures occurring in rapid succession, the focal spot dissipates the heat to the surrounding anode - this effectively enlarges the focal spot - it causes the image to lose sharpness and resolution. Acceptable dosimeters must read within plus or minus 20 percent of the true radiation exposure. The TLD chip is housed in a plastic ring to be worn on your dominant hand. Thermoluminescent dosimeters to measure individual personnel dose over days from NU_ENG 4330 at University of Missouri, Columbia B. It was found that Teflon transparency is a primary cause of the radiation sensitivity increase in the most recently produced dosimetric cards. What are the two types of personal dosimetry? {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, Goel A, Murphy A, Wong M, et al. RDC's fully domestic supply chain can get you badges in as little as 2 days. Dosimeters can be in the form of a sticker, badge, pen/tube type, or even a . The TLD reader consists of a heater. Unable to process the form. Thermoluminescent dosimeter 1 of 34 Thermoluminescent dosimeter May. The aims of this study were to characterize reinforced metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) dosimeters to assess the measurement uncertainty, single exposure low-dose limit with acceptable accuracy, and the number of exposures required to attain the corresponding limit of the thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD). ration of heat to x-ray. The dose to a potential stowaway was measured to be 6.32.7mrem and 16.32.8mrem, while the dose to the driver was 5.50.5 and 17.01.2mrem, respectively. Before The intensity of light emitted is measured by the TLD reader, depending on the radiation exposure. D. interactions that only occur at doses used in radiation therapy. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) is a passive radiation detection device that is used for personal dose monitoring or to measure patient dose. FOIA Each can . For more info, see our FAQ. The ring-type aperture provided better results due to a larger area and more effective light collection. Bookshelf The most common types of thermoluminescent dosimeters are lithium fluoride, lithium borate, calcium sulfate, calcium fluorid, coupled with one or more impurities to produce trap states for energetic electrons. Please visit our Solutions page to view our full suite of offerings. Which of the following effects describes the following: Increased dose equals increased probability of effects? Optical measurements were performed by a multichannel spectrometer equipped with a holographic grating and a charge-coupled device. A CD player converts the musical information on a CD to a varying electric current. The light emitted by the dosimeter during the heating cycle is measured, usually through a photomultiplier tube detector, and related through appropriate calibration to a particular dose. Have a question that we did not address in this article? What is the limit on leakage radiation from a diagnostic x-ray tube? In addition, they can monitor radiation doses for employees who are potentially occupationally exposed. They consist of one (rings) to four (whole body badges) separate detectors, which allow for discrimination of photon energies and the nature of the incident radiation. On getting heated, the excited electrons again come back to the ground state and emit light which is then read by a photomultiplier 2. The dose output of the X-ray machine was determined using an ACCU-Gold. Results of LiF:Mg,Cu,P X-ray irradiated showed 4.8 times higher sensitivity than TLD-100. Search . Check for errors and try again. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The doses were . Purpose: Dosimeters are issued to measure and record the amount of occupational radiation dose an individual receives as required by state and federal regulations. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. TLD-600 (neutron sensitive) and TLD-700 (neutron insensitive) can be coupled to measure the thermal neutron dose. 23 Thermoluminescent dosimeters based on calcium are highly sensitive for. Using LiF:Mg,Cu,P TLDs to estimate the absorbed dose to water in liquid water around an 192Ir brachytherapy source. In preferred forms, the dosimeter is a composite including a backing support (which may be tissue equivalent) and a self-sustaining body of solid thermoluminescent material such as LiF having . Page Last Reviewed/Updated Tuesday, March 09, 2021. They are intended to accurately measure the equivalent doses received by the extremities when they are particularly exposed to ionizing radiation. What is dosimeter used for? C. They result from exposure of DNA. . Fourier transform and Nyquist sampling theorem. Modern TLD Dosimeters measure the Skin Dose, Eye Dose and Deep Dose specified in current regulations, in addition to the total dose from other nuclear particles. TLD has better accuracy than a film dosimeter and do not require an estimate of photon energy. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The maximum of the thermoluminescence emission of the LiF:Mg,Cu,P is about 350 nm. 1. Non-ionizing radiation includes radio waves, cell phones, microwaves, infrared radiation, and visible light. dafsdf How does the dosimeter work? Thermoluminescent dosimeters can measure doses as low as 1 millirem, but under routine conditions their low-dose capability is approximately the same as for film badges. LOW DOSE MEASUREMENTS WITH THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETERS. TL dosimeters are useful for in-vivo measurements because they are small, for example 3 mm square 1 mm thick, and do not require connection to measuring equipment with wires. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Equivalent dose range. TLDs are a very popular area of study. To measure entrance skin dose, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) of the TLD-100 type were attached to eight locations on the face of the patient: eyelids (2), parotid gland (2), Official websites use .gov What is the difference between a film badge and a dosimeter? When all other types of immobilization have proven inadequate, the first choices to assist with immobilization of the patient might be: (can be multiple). Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) is a passive radiation detection device that is used for personal dose monitoring or to measure patient dose. When the radiation falls on TLD, the electrons are excited and store energy. The .gov means its official. LiF:Mg,Ti TLD response as a function of photon energy for moderately filtered x-ray spectra in the range of 20-250 kVp relative to 60Co. What are the disadvantages of film badges? For more details on the proper procedure for wearing dosimetry see the section labeled "How do I wear my dosimeter?" (Picture courtesy of Landauer) the transparency of the Teflon film in the most recently produced TLDs is higher. 2). Thermoluminescent dosimeter. Meanwhile, TL response of CaSO4:Dy exposed at the same dose was 5.6 time higher than TLD-100. Review of Radiologic Physics. Area TLD cards can be used to ensure that the public is not being exposed to more than 100 mrem/year from outside a room/building. Thermoluminescent dosimeter ( TLD) is a passive radiation detection device that is used for personal dose monitoring or to measure patient dose. The badge is fitted with a Velcro strap to be worn around the wrist. The combined detector sets comprising of thermoluminescent dosimeters made of LiF:Mg, Ti (MTS-6, MTS-7, DTG-4) materials and solid state nuclear track . The TL-dose response was measure 2 B0 7:C u andd CaSO*:T for L i m phosphors, in the useful range of personnel and environmental dosimetry (0.005-10 mGy). 17, 2015 137 likes 38,163 views Download Now Download to read offline Health & Medicine tld Dr Vijay Raturi Follow M.D., D.N.B (Radiation Oncology) at National Cancer Center Hospital East, Japan Advertisement Recommended Dosimetry Nandhu Angela 2.3k views 39 slides TLD A locked padlock 3 as open circles indicate significant differences depending on the year of the production. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) come in very small dimensions Thermoluminescent Dosimetry is the use of a device composed of thermoluminescent material for measuring exposure to IONIZING RADIATION. Search 205,922,161 papers from all fields of science. Personnel dosimeters are devices worn by laboratory personnel to monitor radiation doses from external sources. ). The site is secure. The intensity of light emitted is measured by the TLD reader, depending on the radiation exposure. The photon-tissue interaction that occurs when an outer shell electron is struck by an incident photon is: The photon-tissue interaction that produces a recoil electron is: How does the energy of a scattered photon compare with that of the incident photon? Copyright 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. . from x-radiation, gamma radiation and high energy beta radiation. A small device used to measure radiation by measuring the amount of visible light emitted from a crystal in the detector when exposed to ionizing radiation. As follows from this study, a Teflon transparency control if established at the production site would significantly improve the ecc uniformity for the TLD cards. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Cleaved or broken chromosomes are a consequence of ionizing radiation striking and breaking: C. Two opposite areas of the sugar-phosphate molecular chain of a DNA macromolecule that lie within the same rung, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins. The precision increases to 3% for high doses. To learn more about radiation dose, check out our recent blog Dosimetry 101: Everything You Need to Know About Radiation Dosimetry Radiation Detection Company (radetco.com). Such detectors may help to register the different components of ionizing radiation fields with various penetration depths, e.g., heavy charged particles and gamma or . A thermoluminescent dosimeter is used to measure ionizing radiation, including gamma rays, x-rays, and beta radiation exposures. government site. Cutroneo M, Torrisi L, Silipigni L, Michalcova A, Havranek V, Mackova A, Malinsky P, Lavrentiev V, Noga P, Dobrovodsky J, Slepicka P, Fajstavr D, And L, Holy V. Int J Mol Sci. The advantages of a TLD over other personnel monitors are its accuracy and its sensitivity to low doses. Score: 4.1/5 (39 votes) . Med Phys. The 2mr hr -1 line was measured at 22ft when operating at 3MeV and 35ft when operating at 6MeV. After a varied period (can be one month, bimonthly, quarterly or even biannual), the TLD badges are sent for reading. Other articles where thermoluminescent dosimeter is discussed: dosimeter: Thermoluminescent dosimeters are nonmetallic crystalline solids that trap electrons when exposed to ionizing radiation and can be mounted and calibrated to give a reading of radiation level. (b) $H=1.2 \mathrm{~m}$ 2) while the other was a ring-type (#2 in Fig. Dosimeters are used to ensure that a harmful dose of radiation is not received over . TLD card. he position of the point where the dose is determined (i.e. The TLD measures extremity dose (finger, hands etc.) 2. MeSH The observed trend of the curves including the ecc maxima (the lowest sensitivity) and their coincidence with transparency minimums clearly indicates the correlation of Teflon transparency with ecc values. Compositional and Structural Modifications by Ion Beam in Graphene Oxide for Radiation Detection Studies. Both sets of data were normalized so that the average data value for the most recently produced cards would be unity. 1994 Dec;17(4):175-99. Christensen s physics of diagnostic radiology 4 Ed. According to NCRP Report #160, what is the annual effective dose equivalent per person from natural background radiation? Since 1969, the International Atomic Energy Agencys dosimetry program has operated a service to validate the calibration of radiation beams. TLD light output depends not only on the sensitivity of the TLD elements (Fig.1) but also on the transparency of the Teflon used for their encapsulation. (TWA), in decibels, may be computed from the dose, in percent, by means of the formula: TWA = 16.61 log(10) (D/100) + 90. A vertical gate at the end of a channel opens when the water above the hinge produces a moment greater than the moment of the water below the hinge. Created February 18, 2021, Updated March 30, 2021, Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), Effect of Teflon Transmittance on Sensitivity of Thermoluminescence Dosimeter Cards. Thermoluminescent Dosimeters Measure Ionizing Radiation A thermoluminescent dosimeter is used to measure ionizing radiation, including gamma rays, x-rays, and beta radiation exposures. 3) also demonstrate similar but opposite dependence, e.g. The photon-tissue interaction that results in absorption of all of the energy of the incident photon is: Differential absorption is a result of which photon-tissue interaction? All dosimeters were exposed at the available air kerma values of 14.69 mGy within a field 1010 cm(2) at 80 cm of SSD. How thick is the secondary protective barrier used in room shielding required to be? This work is dedicated to the development of new types of composite thermoluminescent detectors based on the single crystalline films of Ce-doped GdAlO3 perovskite and Mn-doped YAlO3 and (Lu0.8Y0.2)AlO3:Mn perovskites as well as Ce and Pr-doped YAlO3 single crystal substrates. Radiation Detection Company offers a wide range of affordable and comprehensive radiation protection solutions to accommodate the needs of any organization, big or small. A film badge dosimeter is dosimeter, that is worn at the surface of the body by the person being monitored, and it records of the radiation dose received. A thermoluminescent dosimeter, abbreviated as TLD, is a passive radiation dosimeter, that measures ionizing radiation exposure by measuring the intensity of visible light emitted from a sensitive crystal in the detector when the crystal is heated. B. changes in the x-ray beam as it travels through the patient. 3. What is this required percent? 2. For an eight-hour workshift with the noise level constant . The increases of the ecc values and the opposite drop of transparency for the individual TLD elements are shown in the left part of the Fig. C. interactions that only produce scatter radiation. When a thermoluminescent crystal is exposed to ionizing radiation, it absorbs and traps some of the energy of the radiation in its crystal lattice.When heated, the crystal releases the trapped energy in the form of visible . (c) $H=1.5 \mathrm{~m}$, Given the dimensions and the mass $m$ of the thin conical shell shown, determine the mass moment of inertia and the radius of gyration of the shell with respect to the $x$ axis. Under what dose must an uncontrolled area be kept? 8600 Rockville Pike Accessibility In the resulting expressions, neglect terms containing $t^2, t^3$, etc. For calibration, the TLDs were arranged at the center of the X-ray field. These must be adjusted so that collimation accuracy is within a specific percent of the standard source-to-image distance. An Introduction to Radiation Protection in Medicine. To help you determine the requirements for your practice, weve put together this comprehensive guide to help you navigate compliance across all 50 states. and transmitted securely. B. changes in the x-ray beam as it travels through the patient. The relative standard deviations and the corresponding doses were fitted to a semiempirical expression, from which the minimum measurable doses were derived. Thermoluminescent dosimeters measure doses as low as: Thermoluminescent dosimeters may be worn as long as: Cylindrical dosimeters that contain gas that is ionized by x-rays passing through are called: Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters are sensitive to exposures as low as: The recording material in an OSL dosimeter is: Positive beam limitation is required on most radiographic units within the United States. The number of chromosomes in the cell after mitosis is: The number of chromosomes in the cell after meiosis is: The ability of radiation to produce biologic damage is called: What occurs when radiation transfers its energy to the DNA or RNA? An OSL dosimeter uses aluminum oxide (AI203) in order to absorb X-ray energy, release it, and measure the precise dose of ionizing radiation that is received. These TLD cards can be placed in a room where the radiation source is located, or a room near a source that radiation could potentially reach. This small device measures the amount of visible light emitted from a crystal in the detector. The wrist badge is ideal for radiation workers whose arms may receive a higher potential exposure. B. Low dose; Radiation dosimetry; TLDs; Thermoluminescence; X-ray beam. Experimental results show for low dose X-ray measurements a better linearity for LiF:Mg,Cu,P compared with that of TLD-100. We hope you find this article informative, and as always, we look forward to hearing your feedback! 2014 Jan;41(1):011711. doi: 10.1118/1.4851636. Geiger counters measure low levels of radiation, such as looking for surface contamination. A thermoluminescent dosimeter, or TLD, is a type of radiation dosimeter, consisting of a piece of a thermoluminescent crystalline material inside a radiolucent package.. The entrance surface dose or entrance skin dose (ESD) is the measure of the radiation dose [mGy] that is absorbed by the skin of a patient. Corresponding transparency measurements of Teflon film (closed squares in Fig. Thermoluminescent dosimeter. Simultaneously covered spectral range was available between 200 nm and 850 nm. An improved thermoluminescent ionizing radiation dosimeter of solid, extremely thin construction for more accurate low energy beta dosimetry is provided, along with a method of fabricating the dosimeter. 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