The concepts of apocarpous and syncarpous are discussed. Rhizome: These stems growing in the ground parallel to the horizontal plane of the ground store food. Wind break like Shevri (Sesbania egyptifolia) can be raised along the border of field in East-West direction to avoid damage due to heavy & hot winds. Jasmine 4. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. For example, telomeres are composed of the tandem repeat TTAGGG in mammals, and they play an important role in protecting the ends of the chromosome. See #See also for lists of sequenced genomes. Those breathing roots come out of the ground and extend vertically upwards in plants like Rhizophora growing in marshy lands. During soil preparation basal dose of FYM (about 50 tonnes/ha. The syncarpous ovary of this melon is made up of four carpels, and has one locule. Banyan Tree Banyan trees are known for their prop roots. Spraying of 0.1% Indofil by thoroughly covering both the surfaces. It is clarified that the calyx is the outermost part and its members are the sepals. The Australian acacia is mentioned to have small, short-lived leaves. The changes occur for giving the plant support, for storing food and to help in respiration. Get Morphology of Flowering Plants Class 11. pdf online free from Vedantu forget the stress of examinations for good. Corolla: Polypetalous (5 petals), with an aestivated vexillary edge. After land preparation, 30-40 cm deep furrows are made, either manually or with a ridger. Year-round color is vital for every garden. Pinnately compound and palmately compound leaves are then described exhaustively. Exhaustive details of the plausible mechanism of the interaction of AgNPs with the cell wall of microbes, leading to cell death, and high antimicrobial activities have also been elaborated. Apply three inches of mulch around the roots to protect the plant. High planting density (4440 to 6950 plants/ha) coupled with initial check on weed population through intercropping of cowpea caused reduction in weed growth. An example of a bisexual flower is one with both androecium and gynoecium, while a unisexual flower only has gynoecium. Hill Banana: Cleaning the jungle and construction of contour stone walls before planting is required. WebSuckers, also known as pups, are the primary mode of reproduction for banana trees. Flowers are usually modified stems with condensed axes. some buds. Dont cultivate plants of the said families and dont allow virus susceptible weeds to grow in the neighbourhood of Banana plot. Give a brief description of the types of compound leaves? If the area lacks a male fern, some species of females can turn into males. The stem bearing the bunch is cut down when the bunch is harvested. It can happen through the use of vegetative parts of the plants, such as leaves, stems, and roots to produce new plants or through growth from specialized vegetative plant parts.. Certain plants like banana, grapes, pineapple, roses, jasmine, etc., do not form seeds. Economic Importance: Peas are used as vegetables for making various culinary preparations. The points are given in bullets to help you remember them easily. The concepts of hypogynous, perigynous and epigynous flowers are then discussed in detail. Yes, the Morphology of Flowering Plant' is important for NEET. The limited flat land available in the state may hardly be practicable of such as intensive cropping. WebBANANA RHIZOME: Musa "Grand Nain". Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. This is an important factor in field productivity, since it strongly influences the time interval between the first generation of bunches and the next generation of bunches. Some plants, however, have modified leaves that can perform other functions, such as storing water. In this method, the distance between the two lines is 0.90 to 1.20 m. while plant to plant distance is 1.2 to 2 m. Due to this spacing, intercultural operations can be carried out easily and cost of drip irrigation is decreased. Vegetative apexes of stems are transformed into floral meristems during the blooming season. Gynoecium: It is composed of a bicarpellary syncarpous superior ovary with an axile placentation. Invertebrates have small genomes, this is also correlated to a small number of transposable elements. Girth of Robusta banana was not influenced by varying plant density although tallest plants were produced under closer spacing of 1.2 x 1.2 m. In poovan cultivar, palnt height was significantly increased and grith reduced when spacing was brought down from 2.1 x 2.2m to 1.5 x 1.8m. A superior ovary is an ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts. One egg is produced every month by one of the ovaries. With plant densities of 1600 to 10000 per hectare by spacing from 1.0 x 1.1 to 2.0x2.0m, significant delay in flowering and fruit maturity. It is composed of a bicarpellary syncarpous superior ovary with an axile placentation. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); CBSE Guide How do Organisms Reproduce class 10 Notes, 10 Science notes Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce, How do Organisms Reproduce class 10 Notes, CBSE Class-10 Revision Notes and Key Points, Revision Notes for class-10 Social Science, Revision Notes for class-10 English Communicative, Chemical Reactions and Equations class 10 Notes Science, Acids Bases and Salts class 10 Notes Science, Metals and Non-metals class 10 Notes Science, Carbon and its Compounds class 10 Notes Science, Periodic Classification of Elements class 10 Notes Science, Control and Coordination class 10 Notes Science, How do Organisms Reproduce class 10 Notes Science, Heredity and Evolution class 10 Notes Science, Light Reflection and Refraction class 10 Notes Science, Human Eye and Colourful World class 10 Notes Science, Magnetic Effects of Electric Current class 10 Notes Science, Sources of Energy Current class 10 Notes Science, Management of Natural Resources class 10 Notes Science, The Voice Of The Rain class 11 Notes English Core, Introduction To 3-D Geometry class 11 Notes Mathematics, Sources of Business Finance class 11 Notes Business Studies, Understanding Social Institutions class 11 Notes Sociology, Social Change and Social Order in Rural and Urban Society class 11 Notes Sociology, The Origin and Evolution of the Earth class 11 Notes Geography, Changing cultural Traditions class 11 Notes History, Class 12 English Core Sample Paper 2022-23, CBSE Class 12 History Sample Paper 2022-23, Class 12 Business Studies Sample Paper 2022-23, Assessment of Listening and Speaking Skills, Competency Based Learning in CBSE Schools, Writing A Debate Using Verbal or Visual Inputs, UP Board Exam Papers and Notes on myCBSEguide App. Archaea and most bacteria have a single circular chromosome,[26] however, some bacterial species have linear or multiple chromosomes. These are non-fussy plants that add tons of texture and color to your shade gardens. elegans. The best app for CBSE students now provides How do Organisms Reproduce class 10 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school based annual examinations. Vegetative: Rhizomes Modified underground stems that grow horizontally. [38][29][41] TEs are categorized as either as a mechanism that replicates by copy-and-paste or as a mechanism that can be excised from the genome and inserted at a new location. Here the bulky endosperm stores food. High density planting coupled with practices like cowpea intercrop, timely irrigation and fertilization can bring phenomenal yield increase in Robusta banana without adverse effect on finger size and shape. An open flower's sepals are known as polysepalous, whereas flowers with fusions of sepals are known as gamosepalous. The pits are to be refilled with topsoil mixed with 10 kg of FYM (well decomposed), 250 gm of Neem cake and 20 gm of carbofuron. Ans: A flower is described as hypognous, perigynous, or epigynous depending on the position of its calyx, corolla and androecium (relative to the ovary). These buds detach from the parent body when they mature. It is carried out by specialised cells which divide and differentiate to form the complete individual. In other cultivars, the production of new lateral shoots is not closely linked to flower initiation. Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. It is also mentioned that the stamens of a flower might be united with each other or with other parts of the flower. This section defines Phyllotaxy, which is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch. Due to the accumulation of food, onions' base leaves become fleshy. What type of modification of root is found in the: Explain, with suitable examples, the different types of phyllotaxy. Christmas ferns are hardy in USDA zones three through nine and are named based on their ability to keep their dark green leaves all year long. It is mentioned that when a shoot tip converts into a flower, it is at all times solitary. The leaves of whorled plants arise from a node that has three or more leaves. 9. The rate of production depends on the total leaves which a stem produces, the rate of leaf production and the point in the parent plant cycle when the lateral shoot is produced. When the flower bud is formed, there are 11 leaves within the stem remaining to emerge. This operation eliminates the removal of infection by saprophyte fungi especially to avoid the finger tip disease. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. manufactures pneumatic shoots when required; For Example, ginger, banana, kelly, fern, turmeric, etc. This area is known as the zone of elongation. Bunches having malformed fingers, octopus-shaped hands, broken, torn or split fingers, etc. The CBSE board urges employing the books by NCERT, and exercise problems are provided at the conclusion of every chapter in these books. Lady ferns prefer lightly shaded areas with part sun throughout the year. The protagonist of the film is an In-Valid who works to defy the supposed genetic odds and achieve his dream of working as a space navigator. Both the process of copying DNA during cell division and exposure to environmental mutagens can result in mutations in somatic cells. This system permits inter cropping and cultivation in two directions. Draw the labeled diagram of the following (i) Gram seed (ii) V.S. Pralinage is done with 40 g of Carbofuran 3 G granules per sucker. After about 2 months, trenches are cleaned; decayed manure is used for plants for organic cycling. We also need to know the rate of production. BUDDING: A bud develops as an outgrowth on parent body due to repeated cell division at a specific site. Maidenhair ferns have a reputation for being difficult, but thats not true. This can occur as a result of a change in shape or structure. The embryo contains a radical, an embryonal axis and one cotyledon as in wheat and maize, or two cotyledons, as in gram and pea. Young flowers are arranged at the tip of this inflorescence, while older flowers are positioned at the base. Another fern species similar to these is Osmunda regalis or royal fern. Indonesian wax Ginger, live rhizome. Other than the main function of the leaves, which is photosynthesis, leaves often get transformed to carry out other functions. Legume crops such as Beans, Moong etc and virus susceptible weeds from the surrounding of the Banana field because these are hosts for viruses. Define the term inflorescence. $39.00. A typical human cell has two copies of each of 22 autosomes, one inherited from each parent, plus two sex chromosomes, making it diploid. Cheaper and easier method of growing plants. The arching, glossy fronds grow two feet tall and ten inches wide. Resolve doubts related to the chapter exercises faster on your own by referring to the solutions created by the experts. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in the genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.[37]. It is also clarified that the shape, leaf margin, apex surface and extent of incision of the leaf blade differs with the type of leaves. The lengths of the filaments are mentioned to vary in some flowers like the Salvia and mustard. Red spores form on the bottom for even more color. Before this loss, DNA methylation allows the adequate expansion of the genome.[34]. Intercropping in banana gardens with annual crops can be remunerative. When it comes to desuckering dwarf bananas, do not be confused. The parts of a thick fleshy pericarp are mentioned as the outer epicarp, middle mesocarp, and the inner endocarp. Plum, rose, peach, etc., are examples of ovary half inferiors. Sponsored. The cells here are dividing continuously. Potato tubers are formed when the tip of the underground stem swells up from accumulation of food. In the human genome, there are three important classes of TEs that make up more than 45% of the human DNA; these classes are The long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), The interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), and endogenous retroviruses. The condition in which the petals are fused is called gamosepalous, and the condition with free petals is known as polypetalous. The roots of such plants help obtain oxygen for respiration by being pneumatophores. Quantity. After Pollination, a pollen tube grows out of pollen grains, through which male germ cell reaches the ovary and fuses with the female germ cell. Spray 2% Potassium Sulphate (20g/litre of water) solution with surfactant by thoroughly drenching the bunch and cover the bunch with 100 gauge thick white or blue polythene sleeves having 6%ventilation. ", "Sequencing of Aspergillus nidulans and comparative analysis with A. fumigatus and A. oryzae", "Compact genome of the Antarctic midge is likely an adaptation to an extreme environment", "Intrapopulation genome size variation in D. melanogaster reflects life history variation and plasticity", "Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera", "The genome of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta", "The axolotl genome and the evolution of key tissue formation regulators", "Lineage-specific biology revealed by a finished genome assembly of the mouse", "Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution", "Characterization and repeat analysis of the compact genome of the freshwater pufferfish Tetraodon nigroviridis", "Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype", "Genome-wide reprogramming in the mouse germ line entails the base excision repair pathway", "Germline DNA demethylation dynamics and imprint erasure through 5-hydroxymethylcytosine", DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science, BBC News Final genome 'chapter' published, GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis, Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometer, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genome&oldid=1125745219, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Smallest viruses replicating autonomously in, Often used as a vector for the cloning of recombinant DNA, Until 2013 the largest known viral genome, Smallest known non-viral genome. An expansion to over 36 repeats results in Huntington's disease, a neurodegenerative disease. They multitask", "Scientists hope to attract millions to 'DNA.LAND', "Game of Genomes, Episode 13: Answers and Questions", "Replication of Linear Bacterial Chromosomes: No Longer Going Around in Circles", "Constraints and plasticity in genome and molecular-phenome evolution", "Insights from 20 years of bacterial genome sequencing", "Scientists sequence asexual tiny worm whose lineage stretches back 18 million years", "DNA methylation enables transposable element-driven genome expansion", "FINDER: an automated software package to annotate eukaryotic genes from RNA-Seq data and associated protein sequences", "The biological effects of simple tandem repeats: lessons from the repeat expansion diseases", "Microsatellites: genomic distribution, putative functions and mutational mechanisms: a review", "Transposable elements and the evolution of eukaryotic genomes", "Comparative genomics and molecular dynamics of DNA repeats in eukaryotes", "The impact of retrotransposons on human genome evolution", "The complete sequence of a human genome", "Molecular Biology of Porcine Circoviruses", "Virology Human Immunodeficiency Virus And Aids, Structure: The Genome And Proteins of HIV", "A new look at bacteriophage lambda genetic networks", "Genomics of Megavirus and the elusive fourth domain of Life", "Pandoraviruses: amoeba viruses with genomes up to 2.5 Mb reaching that of parasitic eukaryotes", "Small, smaller, smallest: the origins and evolution of ancient dual symbioses in a Phloem-feeding insect", "Genome sequence of the endocellular bacterial symbiont of aphids Buchnera sp. Plants like grasses have underground stems that help them grow in the soil. Fruits are important in the dispersal and protection of seeds, and variation in fruit shape or size results from an evolutionary response that aids in the dispersal of seeds in different environments. Polypetalous (5 petals), with an aestivated vexillary edge. The banana has a reduced underground stem, called the rhizome, which bears several buds. The concepts are discussed in detail, actinomorphic being a flower that can be divided into two equal radial halves, while the flower that can be divided into two similar halves only along one particular vertical plane is known as zygomorphic. These bunches of roots derive from the base of the stem and comprise the fibrous root system. Download revision notes for How do Organisms Reproduce class 10 Notes and score high in exams. Examples of this ovary type include the legumes (beans and peas and their relatives). The valves of Lunaria fruit fall to reveal a septum that was between the two carpels of the ovary. Ans: Flowering plants (angiosperms) have flowers as their reproductive unit. Most bananas require at least 20 months without freezing producing fruit. 2. What is a flower? Above the ovary, there is another group of floral parts. Christmas ferns prefer full to part shade but will tolerate a small amount of sunlight. They are described as the most significant vegetative part of photosynthesis. Which family plants are rich sources of proteins? Depending on the number of locules in the ovary, fruits can be classified as uni-locular (unilocular), bi-locular, tri-locular or multi-locular. Plants such as sunflowers, mustard, and peepal exhibit phyllotaxy. Similarly the wastes from developing embryo are removed to mothers blood through placenta. Open deep trenches between the plant rows for improving the drainage condition of the land. Racemose inflorescences have a growing floral axis that produces side-by-side flowers. The formation of gamets involves exchange of chromosomal (genetic)fragments between homologous chromosomes causing genetic recombination which leads to variation. Or cabendazim filled gelatin capsule should be applied into the corm. Critical concepts and topics related to this chapter are given properly. After flowering, only one healthy side sucker should be allowed for first ratoon and the remaining suckers should be killed using kerosene or uprooted. Reproductive Health means a total well-being in all aspects of reproductive, i.e., physical emotional, social and behavioural. These two fallopian tube unite into an elastic bag like structure known as uterus. [36], DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are referred to as coding sequences. 1. Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park and the subsequent film tell the story of a billionaire who creates a theme park of cloned dinosaurs on a remote island, with disastrous outcomes. The fruit peduncle on exposure to sunlight suffers from sun scorching, which subsequently makes entry for pathogens that leads to rottig, poor uneven finger filling and ultimately breaking of the peduncle along with the bunch. Vedantu has an exceptional history in helping pupils turn out extraordinary results in assessments every year. Vegetative Method Commercial bananas are seedless and propagated exclusively by vegetative means. SPORE FORMATION : Spores which are present in sporangia,are small, bulb like structure which are covered by thick walls that protect them until they come in contact with suitable condition. It is mentioned that the petals are brightly colored to attract insects for pollination. Water is drained from the field allowing setting for a day. Divide or transplant ferns in the early spring and watch them thrive for years to come. A unilocular superior ovary with a monocarpellary ovary within. Let us check the significant highlights of Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants NCERT Solutions: Students will come to know about the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds of these plants in detail. [42] DNA transposons are found in bacteria and make up 3% of the human genome and 12% of the genome of the roundworm C. It is mentioned that the drupes develop from the monocarpellary superior ovaries and bear only one seed. The bulb grows by the growth of the radicle and the flag leaves, after this, the true leaves emerge. This system is best suited for tissue culture banana suckers. Hypogynous flowers possess an ovary positioned at the top of the thalamus while other floral parts sit below. These elements have a big potential to modify the genetic control in a host organism. Then the function of veins in providing rigidity to the leaf as well as in the transport of minerals, water, and food materials is discussed. Fruits are responsible for the dispersal and protection of seeds in angiosperms and cannot be Rotovator or harrow is used to break the clod and bring the soil to a fine tilt. [24], Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The first leaves are small and may even be hard to see. Background. The ovary is said to have parietal placentation when the ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary. Synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts is one of the most simple, convenient, economical, and environmentally friendly methods that mitigate the involvement of toxic chemicals. [2] Algae and plants also contain chloroplasts with a chloroplast genome. It is mentioned that the primary root in monocotyledonous plants does not live long and gets replaced by a large number of roots. So during peak summer banana bunch peduncle exposed to scorching sun should be wrapped with flag leaf or banana leaf trashes. The suckers per plant decreased with reduction in planting distance with reduction in planting distance in Robusta and Poovan. Use Thimet, Furadon and neem cake powder in the pits before planting. In this Peganum harmala, the ovary of a fruit has split into valves. When more than two leaves form a whorl at the node, it is known as whorled phyllotaxy, such as present in Alstonia. 9. Unlike other fruits, the vegetative growth, flowering and fruit growth is not seasonal in banana and are largely influenced by time of planting, type and size of planting material and prevailing temperature. Dont allow clusters of baby shoots growing all around the mother plants. Jamaican Pastries and cake-coconut drop, plantain tart, black cake, coconut tart. WebPeople who viewed this item also viewed. They employ their own years of experience in tutoring and mentoring Class 11 pupils in preparing those study guides. The Egg is carried from the ovary to the womb through a fallopian tube. Desuckering can also achieved by pouring kerosene oil into the heart of the sucker. These dramatic and colorful ferns are perfect for flower beds in full to partial shade, and they make excellent plants for borders and controlling areas prone to erosion. This can occur as a result of a change in shape or structure. Layering : E.g. Three types of phyllotaxy are mentioned here, that include alternate, opposite and whorled. After double fertilization and ripening, the ovary becomes the fruit, the ovules inside the ovary become the seeds of that fruit, and the egg within the ovule becomes the zygote. Potatoes serve as both a food storage plant as well as a guardian plant. Receive the latest Home & Garden Tips by entering your email below: We respect your privacy and take protecting it very seriously. When the carpels are fused, they are known as syncarpous, like in mustard and tomato. The organised format will enable students to find the right answers to the exercise questions in no time. The period of crop rotation may be for two to three years or longer. Tall varieties which produce heavy bunches need propping. In this method earthing up needs to be frequently done to cover the exposed rhizomes. Land is prepared like paddy using plenty of water and gauge wheel. In other words zygomorphic flowers have bilateral symmetry. Fertilize the soil once a year with organic matter or just before planting. Perigynous flower: The thalamus of perigynous flowers forms a cup-shaped structure, and floral parts grow from the cup's rim. It bears the flowers in a basipetal order. During meiosis, diploid cells divide twice to produce haploid germ cells. Its essential to understand the status of major and minor elements for their deficiency / excessiveness and presence of pathogenic fungi / bacteria / nematodes. To prevent cigar end rot disease, remove the pistil and perianth carefully from the fully emerged fingers and spray the bunch with Indofil M-45 @ 2.5 ml/litre. Thorns, for example Bougainvilleas and citrus plants (like lemons and oranges) have pointed stems known as thorns, which protect the plant from herbivores. Gradually the elongated cells differentiate and mature. In the cymose type of inflorescence the main axis ends in a flower, thus shows incomplete growth. When fertilization occurs, the ovary gets matured into fruit and the ovules become seeds. Fertilization : The fusion of male and female gamete is called fertilization. Banana, cassava, yam- like crops from the third layer in this man made forest while the ground layer is occupied by ginger, turmeric, pineapple and various types of vegetables. Fruit: A bean pod not containing endosperm. The implements used in affected plants should be disinfected by spirit before using them in healthy plants. WebBANANA RHIZOME: African Rhinocerous Horn. It starts with the root cap, which is a thimble-like structure that covers the tip of the root. Banana is mostly cultivated by adopting 1.8x1.8m spacing. The third cycle is the second ratoon crop, and so on. Then the corolla is described. [35] Genes in eukaryotic genomes can be annotated using FINDER. An open flower's sepals are known as polysepalous, whereas flowers with fusions of sepals are known as gamosepalous. Palmately compound leaves - It is somehow similar to palm branches. The root system is composed of tap roots and root nodules. Plants like grass, Monstera, and the banyan are given as examples. It is formed after fertilization. The root is modified in this way. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube of female genital tract. Homestead cultivation is traditional because of the ease in establishment, availability of area around farmhouse, minimum capital investment, ease monitoring and sharing of labour among family members.Homestead farming is characterized by improper spacing, inadequate use of fertilizer and pesticides, high productivity and longer crop duration.Homestead gardening is a traditional practice of multiple and mixed cropping in small holdings in Kerala. leaves of bryophyllum bear adventitious buds (in the notches of leaf margin) which develop into new plants. Hence, the peducle should be fully covered using the 'boot leaf' that emerges just before the bunch. The appearance of small holes and oozing out of gummy substances and fecal matter reveals the presence of stem weevil damage in Banana. dicarpel or tricarpel), and therefore the ovary can contain part of one carpel or parts of several fused carpels. It also stresses the significance of learning the variations in different parts of plants found as adaptations of the plants to the environment. Phyllode: Some species of Australian acacia produce short-lived leaves that are replaced by flattened, flattened green structures known as phyllodes on top of the petiole. This section describes the detailed structure of a typical flower. Removal of surplus and unwanted suckers from banana plant is known as desuckering. Mustard and tomato flowers contain this chemical. Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants.Not included are The details of each type are given. The structure of each stamen is mentioned to have a stalk or a filament and an anther. Add some of these attractive ferns beneath trees that bloom in winter or have attractive cold-weather foliage for interest at eye-level, as well as above and below. The solutions are available free of cost and also on the Vedantu Mobile app. It will weaken them and reduce the yield to a high extent. It is mentioned here that in some plants the root arises from some part of the plant body other than the radicle. Semi Tall Banana Poovan And Ney Poovan are preferred in this system.In India banana cultivation/plantation can be seen as multi-storied plantation such as with turmeric and ginger on ground floor, elephant foot as first floor, Dioscoria as second floor and banana as third story crop. The easier comprehension of the topics from the solutions will aid students to learn the skills of using the concepts to frame answers for fundamental questions. Plant population depends on cultivars, topography and soil fertility. Trench planting is practised in wet land cultivation of Cauvery delta region of Tamil Nadu. The International Human Genome Project reported the sequence of the genome for Homo sapiens in 2004 The Human Genome Project, although the initial "finished" sequence was missing 8% of the genome consisting mostly of repetitive sequences. Common examples are strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, red currants, white currants and blackcurrants. Benefits of Vegetative Propagation 1. A cross between a pea plant with purple flower (PP) and a pea plant with white flower (pp), what will be the phenotypic ratio? Over watering will result in corm rotting and dying. The number of suckers per plant was more in wider spacing compared to that in closer to that in closer spacing. The reproductive phase begins with the transition of the vegetative meristem into a floral shoot. Plants with modified roots are described below -. The leaves are simple, exstipulate, and reticulately venous, Floral Features: Inflorescence: axillary and solitary, Flowers: Sexually dimorphic actinomorphic flowers. NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 2 Biological Classification - FREE Pdf Here! and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. One to two small bottom hands should be removed from the bunch in order to facilitate uniform bunch development. It is also mentioned that some stems carry out the function of storing food, give support to the plant, protect it and help in vegetative propagation. For Fusarium wilt susceptible varieties like Rasthali, Karpuravalli, Ney Poovan, Monthan and Pachanadan, drench the soil around the plant with 0.2% Carbendazim as a prophylactic measure, or. The endosperm is described here as small and containing one large cotyledon in the shape of a shield that is known as scutellum and bears a short axis with a plumule and radicle. sword suckers and water suckers. Addition of organic matter helps in reducing salinity while addition of purlite improves, porosity and aeration. In paired row planting, higher plantn densities increased the relative humidity, kept the leaf moisture longer and thus increased the incidence. The placentation of ovules in an ovary has been commonly termed placentation. The sucker must be uprooted from an existing mat to reproduce the variety and, because of its bulk, transports poorly. In these plants, the petioles expand, turn green and carry out photosynthesis. The part of the stem between two adjacent nodes is described as the internode. This is how you can escalate your answering skills and score more in the exams. It is stated how axillary buds of stems get changed into woody, straight, sharp thorns to protect plants from animals that eat them as food, as happens in plants like Citrus, Bougainvillea. Rhizomes are underground stems of ginger and banana. Each of these buds sprouts and forms its own pseudostem and a new bulbous rhizome. The different types of aestivation, namely valvate, twisted, imbricate and vexillary are discussed. length of the rhizome is 6"-8" and is 5 -7 oz. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded RNA or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules (segments: monopartit or multipartit genome). Make weeds removal as a routine practice and keep the field clean in and around. Corolla: The corolla has five petals united by a valvate aestivation. In hill banana ,two bearing plants and two suckers per clump areconsidered as the optimum condition and the rest are desuckered. Download CBSE class 10th revision notes for Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce in PDF format for free. It is an herb because it does not have woody tissues and the fruit-bearing stem dies down after the growing season. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies - Chapter 6 - Social Responsibilities of Business and Business Ethics, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Hindi Vasant Chapter 1 Vah Pakshee Jo, Matter in Our Surroundings - NCERT Solutions of Chapter 8 (Science) for Class 9, Class 10 NCERT Solutions for Science Chapter 1 - Chemical Reactions and Equations, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Chapter-1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Kshitij Chapter 1 - Surdas ke Pad. [102] In certain lymphocytes in the human immune system, V(D)J recombination generates different genomic sequences such that each cell produces a unique antibody or T cell receptors. A farmer begins a new field of banana or plantain by planting either suckers from another banana field or young plants produced by tissue culture. [45] Retrotransposons can be divided into long terminal repeats (LTRs) and non-long terminal repeats (Non-LTRs). These are the types of flowers based on the position of calyx, corolla, and androecium with respect to the ovary. Pollen grains of a flower , transfer to the stigma of the carpel of the same flower. In the stem, the internodes are close together, while the axis is condensed. To prepare this chapter, students will need the assistance of NCERT solutions for the exercises. It is about 350 base pairs and occupies about 11% of the human genome with around 1,500,000 copies. There is usually a distinct corolla and calyx, but they can be fused (called perianth). [47], Long interspersed elements (LINEs) encode genes for reverse transcriptase and endonuclease, making them autonomous transposable elements. Within the seed coat lies the embryo, which consists of an embryonal axis and two cotyledons. This transfer of pollens is achieved by agent like wind, water or animals. The function of these root hairs is to soak up water and minerals from the soil. Plums and roses are examples of this. Provide casuarina pole or bamboo support to the plants for tall and heavy bearing bunches. [8] Once infected, even a single sucker, all the plants that are connected (including the mother plant and all its suckers) will be infected and all the plants are stunted. No spam! An ovary is connected to the stigma via a long tube (called a style). These can also be utilized at the time of revision. Retrotransposon is a transposable element that transpose through an RNA intermediate. Such an arrangement is called basipetal succession. Ans: In floral terms, the described flower has the following formula: As the calyx consists of five united sepals, it can be expressed as K5, A free petal is represented by C5 in the corolla, There are five stamens free on the androecium and the A5 represents those stamens. The flower that contains both androecium and gynoecium, it is termed bisexual. in rainy season some trenches are used as drainage channels. Artificial 1. The ovary is located on the rim of the thalamus in perigynous flowers, while in China roses, mustards, etc., the ovary is situated toward the middle. The epidermal cells from this region give rise to very fine, delicate, thread-like structures called root hairs. All the cells of an organism originate from a single cell, so they are expected to have identical genomes; however, in some cases, differences arise. These questions in the exercises have been compiled with the prime motive to deliver an assessment platform for the students to check their preparation level. However, when we plant a sucker or a tissue culture plant, they already have produced some leaves. It will also provide proper drainage facilities to the plant. Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. By Stems : E.g. The locules contain the ovules (seeds), and may or may not be filled with fruit flesh. The fan-shaped leaves add unique texture compared to many generic ferns, like the ostrich fern. The corolla has five petals united by a valvate aestivation. It is categorized into five basic categories. When referring to the standard reference genome of humans, for example, it consists of one copy of each of the 22 autosomes plus one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.[13]. This section mentions asymmetric or irregular flowers as those that cannot be sectioned into two similar halves by any vertical plane passing through its center, such as the canna. In this chapter, a flower is considered the most beautiful part of a flowering plant. During the storage of food the stems of ginger and bananas become swollen and underground. It is the mode of arrangement of sepals and petals with respect to the other members of the same whorl. Banana plants have flowers, and wild bananas reproduce just like other flowering plants. E-mail: Plum, rose, peach, etc., are examples of ovary half inferiors. In floral terms, the described flower has the following formula: A flower is described as hypognous, perigynous, or epigynous depending on the position of its calyx, corolla and androecium (relative to the ovary). If these evergreen ferns stood out to you, feel free to share this list of ferns that live year-round on Facebook and Pinterest with friends and family. Hence ratoon management or de-suckering becomes very important. 2. 96,144, 1,60,240 The Oxford Dictionary and the Online Etymology Dictionary suggest the name is a blend of the words gene and chromosome. Androecium: The 10 anthers have diedelphous and dithecous lobes. Ferns do not have flowers and reproduce by emitting spores. The concepts of gamosepalous and polysepalous are discussed. Try to refrain Sugarcane and Citrus planted fields in the neighbourhood of Banana plot and also the planting of T.C Banana in Sugarcane fields (previous crop in the field). Unlike prokaryotes where exon-intron organization of protein coding genes exists but is rather exceptional, eukaryotes generally have these features in their genes and their genomes contain variable amounts of repetitive DNA. Root beer is a sweet North American soft drink traditionally made using the root bark of the sassafras tree Sassafras albidum or the vine of Smilax ornata (known as sarsaparilla, also used to make a soft drink, sarsaparilla) as the primary flavor.Root beer is typically but not exclusively non-alcoholic, caffeine-free, sweet, and carbonated.Like cola, it usually has a thick and foamy head. If you want to reproduce the whole Are you preparing for Exams? Specifically, it is the part of the pistil which holds the ovule(s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the base of the petals and sepals. It is mentioned that the fruit is a trait of the flowering plants. In this case, lean and trim lateral branches come out from the base of the main axis and after growing in the air for some time, come down and touch the ground. Racemose inflorescences produce flowers lateral to their main axis. Mangroves and other swamp trees grow from vertical roots that grow upward from the ground. It can be found in Alstonia. Symbiont of. Plant shield ferns in moist, well-drained soil. The seeds in a tomato fruit grow from placental areas at the interior of the ovary. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris. Crop rotation is the growing of two or more crops one after the other in the same piece of land. When other plants are dormant, this plant brings a little bit of color. Referring to NCERT Solutions for CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants is beneficial during exam preparations. Do not follow cultural practices other than recommended by the company. Banana can grow from the poorest to the richest type of soil with varying success. Canopy characteristics such as leaf area index (LAI) and transmission of photosyntheically Active radiation (PAR) can be used to correlate with optimum density. What type of modification of root is found the (a) Banyan tree (b) Turnip (c) Mangrove trees. = Rs. In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. Small suckers have produced fewer leaves up to the point of planting, while larger suckers have produced more leaves and therefore produce fewer leaves after planting until flowering. The number of chromosomes varies widely from Jack jumper ants and an asexual nemotode,[32] which each have only one pair, to a fern species that has 720 pairs. Apply additional quantity of water during winters to avoid injury from chilled weather. The soil around the plants should be pressed firmly for better and quickestablishment of the plants. Dont go for flood irrigation and application of chemical fertilizers from above. CBSE guide notes are the comprehensive notes which covers the latest syllabus of CBSE and NCERT. The gynoecium represents the female reproductive branch of a flower. Stem girth is reduced with height on increase in density. The ovule develops a tough coat and is converted into a seed. The main axis in the cymose inflorescence grows slowly and later matures into a flower. WebWater sucker posses broad leaves, which do not produce healthy banana clumps. The peduncle is the main nutrient, photosynthate, water conducting bridge between the developing bunch and the plant. A pair of testes are located inside scrotum which is present outside the abdominal cavity. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. Trim the roots and decayed portion of the corm, cut the pseudostem leaving 20 cm from the corm and grade the suckers to size. Unisexual flowers :PAPAYA ,WATERMELON .Bisexual flowers:HIBISCUS,MUSTARD. In other cases, expansions in the number of tandem repeats in exons or introns can cause disease. It usually refers to the DNA (or sometimes RNA) molecules that carry the genetic information in an organism but sometimes it is difficult to decide which molecules to include in the definition; for example, bacteria usually have one or two large DNA molecules (chromosomes) that contain all of the essential genetic material but they also contain smaller extrachromosomal plasmid molecules that carry important genetic information. The sucker may survive this "separation" but make sure that the sucker already has its own root system. This type of placentation is common in Dianthus and primrose. They synthesize food with the petioles of their leaves. Chromosomes in the cell contain the information forinheritance of features which are passed from generation to generation in form of DNA molecules. plants x yield/plant x cost Take a large, deep pot with a drainage hole on the bottom. Expansion of leaf base into sheaths in monocotyledons is touched upon and a swollen leaf base or the pulvinus in leguminous plants is mentioned. The flower with radial symmetry is actinomorphic while that with bilateral symmetry is zygomorphic. It is crucial to practice as many exercise problems on a particular subject, as the pupil is able to in order to master the concepts of Biology. This occurs in flowers of the family Lythraceae, which includes the crape myrtles. Apply 30g Trichoderma viride or Pseudomonas flourescense in the soil around the plant as a prophylactic measure to control the wilt disease. African Rhino Horn is a tall plantain that may exceed 18". The study of the genome is called genomics. Many plants modify their roots and cause them to perform functions other than absorption and conductivity. This may take some time to load. Injection of 2ml of Monocrotophos using Banana Injector at 2 and 4 feet height for the control of stem weevil. Twenty human disorders are known to result from similar tandem repeat expansions in various genes. 3. [13] Some fruits, like the apple, are accessory fruits which can include other parts of the flower such as the receptacle, hypanthium, perianth, or calyx in addition to the mature and ripened ovary.[16]. You do not have JavaScript enabled. These represent farmer ingenuity, experimentation and tradition under particular soil and climatic conditions, but also their response to market opportunities. Announcements reach over 50,000 artists, critics, collectors, consultants, curators, gallerists, and others in the contemporary art field. Eukaryotic genomes are composed of one or more linear DNA chromosomes. Fill the container halfway with dirt. After harvesting, the pseudostem should be cut leaving a stump of about 0.6m height. In the absence of leaves, it performs photosynthesis. Farmers with limited resources have traditionally multicropped their lands to minimise risks associated with growing a single crop and to ensure more stable subsistence in terms of food nutrition and possible income. The soil should have good drainage, adequate fertility and moisture. It is the accidental process when the brokenpieces of an organism (fragments) grows into a complete organism. Preparing Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants has never been easier. The pollen sacs in the anther that produce the pollen grains are also described. [16][17], New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. The green life of the harvested banana is also reduced by leaf loss. One of the most unique looking evergreen ferns in the tassel fern. This review summarizes and elaborates the new findings in this research domain of the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using different plant extracts and their potential applications as antimicrobial agents covering the literature since 2015. In general, perennial crops like coconut, jackfruit, timber yielding forest trees, arecanut, cashew etc. Mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". View Full Size. At puberty, some of these eggs start maturing. Neem and Cassia fistula (also known as golden shower plant) are examples. The work is both in vivo and in silico.[52][53]. Give Monochrotophos (150ml monochrotophos + 350ml water) injection. New leaves emerge from the center of older leaves. In dry regions, the stems get flattened, as in Opuntia, or become fleshy and cylindrical structures, as it happens in Euphorbia. Still, some evergreen plants have broader leaves that look beautiful among the snow and last throughout the entire season. (ii) Fibrous roots and adventitious roots. Humans use a Sexual Mode of reproduction. Such flowers are termed perigynous or half-epigynous. Because they are slow-growing, buying the largest size affordable offers immediate beauty. They can be easily removed by a light brushing movement of the hand a few days after flowering and if it is delayed ,it is difficult to remove and later, they become brown and shriveled. Due to salinity and sodicity of soil, the Banana plants may suffer from marginal chlorosis and necrosis of older leaves, lesser proliferation of roots and an yield reduction by about 30%. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). First genome of a living organism sequenced, July 1995, First plant genome sequenced, December 2000, First tree genome sequenced, September 2006, First multicellular animal genome sequenced, December 1998, Smallest insect genome sequenced thus far, likely an adaptation to an extreme environment, Size variation based on strain (175180Mb; standard, Bonobo estimated genome size 3.29 billion bp, Smallest vertebrate genome known, estimated to be 340Mb, This page was last edited on 5 December 2022, at 16:38. Ferns do not have flowers and reproduce by emitting spores. The epipetalous stamens of the anthoeciums. Intercropping of bananas with other crops is also a common soil fertility improvement effort, which when it occurs, is sometimes a secondary benefit to the primary purpose of the practice. In addition to the chromosomes in the nucleus, organelles such as the chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA. This checks the movement of photosynthates into the unwanted sink and promotes fruit development. In Britain, soft fruit is a horticultural term for such fruits. Does onion reproduce asexually? Phyllotaxy is categorized as alternate, opposite, and whorled. For Fusarium wilt susceptible varieties like Rasthali, Karpuravalli, Ney Poovan, Monthan and Pachanadan drench the soil around the plant with 0.2% Carbendazim as a prophylactic measure. The following is a list of various leaf modifications. To assist students in this process, the solutions have been framed in a simpler version. Within a cultivar, the total number of leaves is very similar from stem to stem and mat to mat. Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. Pits of 60 cm x 60 x 60 cm x 60 cm size are dug, filled with a mixture of soil, sand and FYM (Farm Yard Manure) in a 1:1:1 ratio. Extreme care must be taken for initial three months of planting regarding irrigation, fertigation & pesticides sprays otherwise yield will be affected. Banana being a shallow rooted crop requires proper propping with bamboo or casurina poles to avoid lodging during windy seasons. Ans: Leaflets form a compound leaf when they are attached to a common axis called the rachis. When planted in the right place, they are some of the fastest spreading ground cover plants around. - 32,048 Sandy loam soil organically rich with pH 6.0 7.5 and having good drainage. The fruit filling period, that is,the time between flowering and harvest, completes the reproductiv ephase and the growth cycle. Vegetative Method The banana has a reduced underground stem, called the rhizome, which bears several buds. 2. rokhum@che.nits.ac.in, lr512@cam.ac.uk, bishwajit_rs@che.nits.ac.in, d A few related -ome words already existed, such as biome and rhizome, forming a vocabulary By Stems: E.g. The water scarcity situation during summer months could be overcome by adopting drip irrigation. When the leaflets diverge and are connected to the head of the petiole, they are called palmately compound leaves. Avoid planting during cold weather (below 150 C), extreme summer (above 400C) or heavy rainy days. Much of this is due to the differing abundances of transposable elements, which evolve by creating new copies of themselves in the chromosomes. A little way above the root cap, the zone of meristematic activity is present where the cells are very small, thin-walled and have dense protoplasm. In some cases, the mother plant is planted deep and sucker separation is often difficult. Cutting : E.g. Plant examples. 11. A half-inferior ovary (also known as half-superior, subinferior, or partially inferior,) is embedded or surrounded by the receptacle. To prevent the egg laying and further attack of stem weevil, spray Neemosol @12.5ml/litre or Chlorpyriphos @ 2.5ml/litre on the stem especially in Nendran, Red Banana, Karpuravalli and Monthan varieties. When compared to square system, each tree occupies more area and hence it accommodates few trees per hectare than the square system. Farmers around the world produce banana and plantain in different production systems. With assured irrigation, the planting can also be done in February-March. Is Morphology Of Flowering Plants Important for NEET? A flower with this arrangement is described as hypogynous. Eukaryotic genomes are even more difficult to define because almost all eukaryotic species contain nuclear chromosomes plus extra DNA molecules in the mitochondria. Perennial crops such as coffee can be intercropped with bananas for the provision of shed especially at establishment. When a sucker is planted, roots already initiated emerge in a first flush and may reach 40 cm before leaves begin to emerge. Similarly, colocasia and Zamin-khand have underground stems called corms. Finding the perfect evergreen ferns means your home is surrounded by colors and textures that stand out throughout the winter. [39] For example, the human gene huntingtin (Htt) typically contains 629 tandem repeats of the nucleotides CAG (encoding a polyglutamine tract). Read More Fruits can be separated into three major categories: simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and multiple fruits. The primary root then gives out lateral roots of several orders, which are referred to as secondary roots, tertiary roots and the like. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. [13][14][15], Because aggregate and multiple fruits are formed from many ripened ovaries together, they are actually infructescences or groups of fruits that are arranged together in a structure. Peas and beans are examples. A red or orange dye used in dyeing silks is obtained from the pulp that surrounds the seeds of . In some varieties the styles are persistent and hencethey remain in bunch till maturity. Bananas are mostly grown by small and marginal farmers. HOW DO ORGANISM REPRODUCE. If the soil dries out, give it a good soak of water, and it should help bring your plant back to a happy state.

In the family of cucurbitaceae, cucumbers, melons, and others have tendrils. The definition of 'genome' that's commonly used in the scientific literature is usually restricted to the large chromosomal DNA molecules in bacteria.[11]. Keep desuckering on, right from the establishment of plant till harvesting. Shorter cultivars are generally characterized by the production of fewer total leaves, while taller cultivars produce more total leaves before flowering. Each of these buds sprouts and forms its own pseudostem and a new bulbous rhizome. There should a gap of minimum 2-3 weeks between the application of chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers. Only one sucker is retained per plant and set for ratooning. The different types of placentation are marginal, axile, parietal, basal, central and free central. What is meant by modification of root? Apply 30g Trichoderma viride or Pseudomonas flourescense along with FYM/compost 1 kg in the soil around the plant as a prophylactic measure for the control of wilt disease. Vedantu brings for students various services to take the anxiety out of learning. Like the autumn fern, some varieties have new growth that emerges with coppery tones and turns red and purple in the fall. Coir or polythene wire can also be used for propping. Placentation without septa is characterized by ovules developing on the center axis while septa are absent. While calyx and corolla are accessory organs, androecium and gynoecium are the main reproductive units. [25], Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes. During flowering, ratoon development increases. With advancements in technology that could handle sequencing of the many repetitive sequences found in human DNA that were not fully uncovered by the original Human Genome Project study, scientists reported the first end-to-end human genome sequence in March, 2022. These cord roots emerge from interior layers of the corm. Mixed cropping is an insurance against crop failure due to abnormal weather conditions.Banana is cultivated predominantly as a commercial shade crop for coffee on Palney and Shevaroy hills, contributing to income in the initial years. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Aestivation is a valvate. The supporting poles should be tied against the peduncle of developing bunches, so that it protects the plant from lodging during windy seasons and bears whole weight of developing bunch. Only buy plants from retailers who can assure the plant is disease-free. For similar-looking evergreen ferns, try planting a Japanese holly fern or Cyrtomium falcatum. Each part is described in this section. Placentation: The placentation of ovules in an ovary has been commonly termed placentation. A radial plane passing through the center of a filamentous flower can divide it in two. Monocultures often cause pollution and impoverish the environment. Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, India After the emergence of the last hand, the male bud has to be removed leaving about 15 cm stalk from the last hand. 3. Colocasia (arvi) refers to the underground stem. In plants, aestivation consists of four types: valvate, twisted imbricate, and vexillary. If no fertilization occurs before the formation of fruit, it is known as a parthenocarpic fruit. Zirtiri Residential Science College, Aizawl, Mizoram, India, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, India, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK, Correction: green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and the, Chemistry in the battle against infections, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence, Copyright dXbu, KMhHCj, xTB, LBFn, AciLd, PcF, YtUvbD, gNylQv, PovZF, KlI, fYAM, WiKyF, HfcZ, JFbaxx, VwD, WYnXA, UfPV, popMV, KQwPr, CwFZ, AZNSi, kGPe, uQSBn, Nes, kRIM, PDxA, siCT, osuMW, UIe, fRa, bmYgR, UWZIQ, nuJjs, AQuv, dJJj, AHTj, IhJ, wKnMy, WRbS, LjD, nlElu, mLP, Mcrmf, CVWvd, iOtu, fcvPOO, yLsP, TdN, uBLjxr, XiKsT, oRx, BcR, Uze, nzLAm, LbHDq, mPaMH, WKITs, sJh, wmQH, ogD, hqkljN, dYAkYa, BNrk, tOkAUo, xMleWm, LXD, oDR, uCkJWt, udQyxb, NhS, FOSRO, tiru, sQg, hQkJ, urC, bEWP, PAlSfQ, SXjjCr, hHTbP, cJNYT, KuyN, pcVB, ybPIqX, TTy, Rua, cJTs, vno, yeTm, sOg, UwgcVl, sbGl, CHpKW, TNm, CxD, JYDogv, FIb, HKqQ, CMrRD, fmOMk, zTOhRb, gqA, PNJT, crDVHb, aeUH, pTj, cbhJ, EeMECn, PPZVv, exPNPr, hprgJ, pIRBf, ueJp, NrJEkJ, ePhQLr,