Sin embargo, las tendencias indican que el uso del trmino en escenarios intragrupales se est incrementando incluso entre la juventud blanca debido a la popularidad de la cultura rap y hip hop.[92]. Algunas de las escenas en las que el nombre del perro es pronunciado fueron mostradas despus en la pelcula de 1982 Pink Floyd The Wall. However, while kuraka status was hereditary and typically served for life, the position of a kuraka in the hierarchy was subject to change based on the privileges of superiors in the hierarchy; a pachaka kuraka could be appointed to the position by a waranqa kuraka. No menospreciamos a negros, judos, espaguetis o sudacas, porque aqu todos ustedes son igualmente intiles). Ayar Uchu decided to stay on the top of the cave to look over the Inca people. Many skull surgeries performed by Inca surgeons were successful. See Juan Santos Atahualpa and Tpac Amaru II. Washburne, Christopher J.; Derno, Maiken (2004). ?, 14 de octubre de 1904, imagen 5 Chronicling America The Library of Congress, Chapter 8. En el remake, el nombre del perro es Digger. [36] This ended resistance to the Spanish conquest under the political authority of the Inca state. The most distinctive Inca ceramic objects are the Cusco bottles or "aryballos". [70][71][72][73], The Inca Empire was a federalist system consisting of a central government with the Inca at its head and four regional quarters, or suyu: Chinchay Suyu (NW), Anti Suyu (NE), Kunti Suyu (SW) and Qulla Suyu (SE). These textiles were frequently designed to represent the physical order of a society, for example, the flow of tribute within an empire. Pachacuti sent spies to regions he wanted in his empire and they brought to him reports on political organization, military strength and wealth. WebJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination near the end of his third year in office. Si bien el uso de la palabra no es permitido a los blancos, puede considerarse aceptable su uso entre estadounidenses descendientes de esclavos. [49] In other words, there was not a hierarchical structure in the domestic sphere for the Incas. Karen B. Graubart (2000). La biblioteca afirm que no censurara la literatura del pasado. Los abolicionistas en Boston, Massachusetts, colocaban advertencias sobre la gente de color de Boston y sus vecindades. [128] The Tibetans in Asia living in the Himalayas are also adapted to living in high-altitudes, although the adaptation is different from that of the Andeans. Who Can Say "Nigger"? It encompassed what is now the Bolivian Altiplano and much of the southern Andes, reaching what is now Argentina and as far south as the Maipo or Maule river in modern Central Chile. Un sobrenombre autorreferencial en el uso del ingls afroestadounidense vernculo que populariz la cultura musical del rap y el hip-hop. Other than efforts to spread the religion of Christianity, the Spanish benefited from and made little effort to change the society and culture of the former Inca Empire until the rule of Francisco de Toledo as viceroy from 1569 to 1581.[35]. De acuerdo a la editorial, la cuestin era deshacerse de la palabra ofensiva, que podra haber hecho que los lectores evitaran el libro, y hacerlo ms accesible. These officials were called quipo camayos. The Willaq Umu (or Chief Priest) was second to the emperor. These included: The Inca Empire employed central planning. Gouda, F. (2008). [28] The empire extended into corners of what are today the north of Argentina and part of the southern Colombia. [46] Men who were highly ranked in society could have multiple wives, but those lower in the ranks could only take a single wife. Web260 - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Entre los anglfonos, la palabra nigger no fue siempre considerada despectiva, debido a que denotaba solo piel negra, un uso comn del habla inglesa. pp. [4] The administrative, political and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. Meanwhile, an associate of Pizarro, Diego de Almagro, attempted to claim Cusco. [80], Kuntisuyu was the smallest suyu, located along the southern coast of modern Peru, extending into the highlands towards Cusco. There is evidence to suggest that both men and women contributed equally to the weaving tasks in pre-Hispanic Andean culture. Chronicles and references from the 16th and 17th centuries support the idea of a banner. The people who were already living in Cusco fought hard to keep their land, but Mama Huaca was a good fighter. [15], The Inca Empire was the last chapter of thousands of years of Andean civilizations. En abril de 2007, un conjunto de muebles de cuero caf oscuro, vendido por Vanaik Furniture y Mattress Store en Toronto, Canad, fue etiquetado como de color nigger-brown. [59], En respuesta a las acusaciones de racismo despus de referirse a niggers en la letra de la cancin de Guns N' Roses, One in a Million, Axl Rose dijo: I was pissed off about some black people that were trying to rob me. WebWatch Live Cams Now! Me refiero a "la palabra con N". all of them came distributed into squads, with their flags and captains commanding them, as well-ordered as Turks. Most families did not invest very much into their child until they reached the age of two or three years old. They built a shrine around the stone and it became a sacred object. Entre la comunidad negra, el insulto nigger es casi siempre dicho como nigga, pronunciacin que enfatiza el dialecto intra-racial de la gente negra. Lingsticamente, el popular reporte y la discusin en la prensa del testimonio de Fuhrman se sustituy la palabra con N en lugar de nigger. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. Most accepted the rule of the Inca as a fait accompli and acquiesced peacefully. The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu, "the four suyu".In Quechua, tawa is four and -ntin is a suffix naming a group, so that a tawantin is a quartet, a group of four things taken together, in this case the four suyu ("regions" or "provinces") whose corners met at the capital. WebRisk Managment - Free download as Word Doc (.doc), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The center cave at Tampu T'uqu (Tambo Tocco) was named Qhapaq T'uqu ("principal niche", also spelled Capac Tocco). Ayar Manco carried a magic staff made of the finest gold. The forces led by Pizarro consisted of 168 men, one cannon, and 27 horses. The Wari occupied the Cuzco area for about 400 years. View Menu. [21] Un bigrafo de Ali reporta que, cuando fue entrevistado por Robert Lipsyte en 1966, el boxeador de hecho dijo, I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong (yo no tengo ningn problema con ese Viet Cong). Smallpox was only the first epidemic. Allan, Keith. Its leaves were used in moderate amounts to lessen hunger and pain during work, but were mostly used for religious and health purposes. En dialectos del ingls sin pronunciacin rtica, tanto nigger como nigga son pronunciados de la misma manera. Almost all of the gold and silver work of the Incan empire was melted down by the conquistadors, and shipped back to Spain. [24][25], En 2012, la frase abreviada renig, que es una combinacin de nigger y renege (rendicin), comenz a ser usada como un eslogan en contra del presidente de Estados Unidos Barack Obama.[26][27]. However, the Inca were still effective warriors, being able to successfully fight the Mapuche, which later would strategically defeat the Spanish as they expanded further south. The Inca Empire was unique in that it lacked many of the features associated with civilization in the Old World. : heraldry, or glyphs), however this remains unclear. [48] These duties remained the same even after wives became pregnant and with the added responsibility of praying and making offerings to Kanopa, who was the god of pregnancy. "Sinc The Pragmatics of Connotation. (1983 [1653]). In 1438, they began a far-reaching expansion under the command of Sapa Inca (paramount leader) Pachacuti-Cusi Yupanqui, whose name meant "earth-shaker". [127], Compared to other humans, the Andeans had slower heart rates, almost one-third larger lung capacity, about 2 L (4 pints) more blood volume and double the amount of hemoglobin, which transfers oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. La novela de Mark Twain Las aventuras de Huckleberry Finn ha sido por mucho tiempo objeto de controversia por su contenido racial, incluyendo su uso de la palabra "nigger" aplicada al personaje del esclavo fugitivo, Jim. En los Estados Unidos, la novela fue publicada primero con el ttulo The Children of the Sea: A Tale of the Forecastle (Los nios del mar), bajo la insistencia de la editorial, Dodd, Mead and Company, de que nadie comprara o leera un libro con la palabra nigger en su ttulo,[54] no porque la palabra fuera considerada ofensiva, sino porque un libro acerca de un hombre negro no vendera. The most populous suyu was Chinchaysuyu, which encompassed the former Chimu empire and much of the northern Andes. Next was the wamani, composed of 30 topos (roughly 232km or 144mi). However, it represented the Inca (emperor), not the empire. Worth, Robert F. (Fall 1995). After the fall of the Inca Empire many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed, including their sophisticated farming system, known as the vertical archipelago model of agriculture. WebBibMe Free Bibliography & Citation Maker - MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard "he who sees all"), or inspectors. WebWelcome to Ebook Central, the industrys most intuitive ebook platform for users and librarians. Below that may have been the Willaq Umu, literally the "priest who recounts", the High Priest of the Sun. (15 de junio de 2005). [87] Nigger Head Rock (Roca cabeza de negro), el saliente de un acantilado sobre la carretera 421, al norte de Pennington Gap, Virginia, fue renombrado como Great Stone Face (Gran cara de piedra) en la dcada de 1970. In order to manage this diversity, the Inca lords promoted the usage of Quechua, especially the variety of what is now Lima[41] as the Qhapaq Runasimi ("great language of the people"), or the official language/lingua franca. For the Incas, this ceremony indicated that the child had entered the stage of "ignorance". At the end of life, the terms for men and women denote loss of sexual vitality and humanity. Si hablas en una oracin, y tienes que decir to, compaero, o amigo, como un opuesto a nigger, entonces echa a perder la representacin rtmica. In addition, due to the absence of horses in Peru, the Inca did not develop tactics to fight cavalry. En 1979 el cantante Elvis Costello us la frase white nigger (negro blanco) en Oliver's Army, una cancin que describe las experiencias de los soldados de clase obrera en las fuerzas militares britnicas. [23], Under the leadership of Manco Cpac, the Inca formed the small city-state Kingdom of Cusco (Quechua Qusqu', Qosqo). Most population estimates are in the range of 6 to 14million. In the Pre-Hispanic Andean World there did not exist the concept of a flag, it did not belong to their historic context". )-Bernab Cobo, Historia del Nuevo Mundo (1653), Guaman Poma's 1615 book, El primer nueva cornica y buen gobierno, shows numerous line drawings of Inca flags. The staff sank into the ground. Ancient Lives. The Spanish began the conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532 and by 1572, the last Inca state was fully conquered. It felt good to all of us to not be as bad as the hopeless people in D Street or, God forbid, the ones in Columbia Point, who were both black and niggers. For the native living in the Andean highlands, this was achieved through the development of a larger lung capacity, and an increase in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, and capillary beds. Kevin Aldridge, Richelle Thompson and Earnest Winston. En los Estados Unidos, las revistas y peridicos en ocasiones no la utilizan, imprimiendo en su lugar versiones censuradas amigables, usualmente n*gg*r, n**ger, n, y the N-word (la palabra con N); sin embargo, historiadores y activistas sociales, tales como Dick Gregory, critican los eufemismos y su uso como intelectualmente deshonestos, debido a que utilizar el eufemismo palabra con N en vez de nigger priva a las jvenes generaciones estadounidenses de parte de la historia de los negros en Estados Unidos. [13], When the Spanish arrived to the Empire of the Incas they gave the name "Peru" to what the natives knew as Tawantinsuyu. No quera apoyar al racismo). En la cancin As some day it may happen, el verdugo Ko-ko, canta sobre ejecutar al nigger serenader and the others of his race (cantante de serenatas negro y los otros de su raza), personificados por cantantes con la cara pintada de negro, que cantaban canciones minstrel. | periodical = Vogue Knitting Book En el ingls, nigger es un trmino peyorativo racista dirigido a la gente de piel negra, especialmente hacia los afroamericanos. Anthropologist Gordon McEwan wrote that the Incas were able to construct "one of the greatest imperial states in human history" without the use of the wheel, draft animals, knowledge of iron or steel, or even a system of writing. [7] Una palabra alternativa para afroamericanos era la palabra en ingls black, usada por Thomas Jefferson en sus Notes on the State of Virginia (Notas sobre el Estado de Virginia). En la pelcula de 1955 The Dam Busters sobre el asalto, el nombre del perro y la palabra clave fueron mencionados varias veces. Quechua did not originate with the Incas, had been a lingua franca in multiple areas before the Inca expansions, was diverse before the rise of the Incas, and it was not the native or original language of the Incas. Journal of Women's History, 20(3), 16680. We wish you all the best on your future culinary endeavors. The minute he proclaimed that, he turned to stone. En sus memorias, All Souls, Michael Patrick MacDonald describe cuntos residentes blancos de la Old Colony Housing Project en South Boston usaban este medio para degradar a la gente considerada como de menor estatus, ya fuera blanca o negra.[31]. During this ceremony, the family would invite all relatives to their house for food and dance, and then each member of the family would receive a lock of hair from the child. El comediante Louis C.K. El uso mezclado entre razas de nigga es an considerado tab, particularmente si el interlocutor es blanco. There would be periodic attempts by indigenous leaders to expel the Spanish colonists and re-create the Inca Empire until the late 18th century. However, colonial records allow us to reconstruct a partial list. Nigger Heaven and the Harlem Renaissance. Indigenous Peruvian oral history tells an origin story of three caves. La palabra se origin en el siglo XVI como una adaptacin del sustantivo espaol negro, descendiente del adjetivo en latn niger,[3][4], era un trmino de uso neutro,[5] y ha sido corrientemente usada por autores de los siglos XIX y XX incluyendo a Charles Dickens, Mark Twain, Rudyard Kipling y Agatha Christie, entre otros muchos. WebAbout Our Coalition. WebThe following is a listing of enterprises, gangs, mafias, and criminal syndicates that are involved in organized crime.Tongs and outlaw motorcycle gangs, as well as terrorist, militant, and paramilitary groups, are mentioned if they are involved in Kevin Aldridge; Richelle Thompson; Earnest Winston (5 de agosto de 2001). In contrast, the Inca used weapons made out of wood, stone, copper and bronze, while using an Alpaca fiber based armor, putting them at significant technological disadvantagenone of their weapons could pierce the Spanish steel armor. La referencia utiliza el parmetro obsoleto, {{cita publicacin. Similarly, months were not grouped into seasons. is said with no self-consciousness or animosity to a group of women, for the routine purpose of obtaining information. Other languages included Quignam, Jaqaru, Leco, Uru-Chipaya languages, Kunza, Humahuaca, Cacn, Mapudungun, Culle, Chachapoya, Catacao languages, Manta, and Barbacoan languages, as well as numerous Amazonian languages on the frontier regions. [30] It was clear that they had reached a wealthy land with prospects of great treasure, and after another expedition in 1529 Pizarro traveled to Spain and received royal approval to conquer the region and be its viceroy. Following a bumpy launch week that saw frequent server trouble and bloated player queues, Blizzard has announced that over 25 million Overwatch 2 players have logged on in its first 10 days. Ravernell, Wanda J. "Weaving and the Construction of a Gender Division of Labor in Early Colonial Peru". When the enemy attacked, she threw her bolas (several stones tied together that spun through the air when thrown) at a soldier (gualla) and killed him instantly. Both Cusco as a district and the four suyu as administrative regions were grouped into upper hanan and lower hurin divisions. [7], Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred Huacas, but the Inca leadership encouraged the sun worship of Inti their sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of Pachamama. Taxpayers male heads of household of a certain age range were organized into corve labor units (often doubling as military units) that formed the state's muscle as part of mit'a service. Such a link between the Inca state and chuo may be questioned, as other crops such as maize can also be dried with only sunlight. En su lugar, el trmino colored (de color) se volvi la principal alternativa para negro y sus trminos derivados. The next important ritual was to celebrate the maturity of a child. La pelcula de los aos 1930 The Bowery con George Raft y Wallace Beery incluye un bar deportivo en la ciudad de Nueva York llamado Nigger Joe's. The tight fit and the concavity on the lower rocks made them extraordinarily stable, despite the ongoing challenge of earthquakes and volcanic activity. Nigger Head Mountain, en Burnet, Texas, fue llamada as debido al bosque en la cumbre que se parece al cabello de un hombre negro. La investigacin determin que el fabricante chino utiliz una versin desactualizada del software de traduccin del chino al ingls de Kingsoft para escribir las etiquetas; tradujo los caracteres chinos de caf oscuro hacia nigger-brown, y ni el proveedor canadiense o el dueo de la tienda haban notado la etiqueta incorrectamente traducida; por consecuencia, Kingsoft corrigi su software de traduccin. There are several common misconceptions about the history of Quechua, as it is frequently identified as the "Inca language". The Sapa Inca also presided over ideologically important festivals, notably during the Inti Raymi, or "Sunfest" attended by soldiers, mummified rulers, nobles, clerics and the general population of Cusco beginning on the June solstice and culminating nine days later with the ritual breaking of the earth using a foot plow by the Inca. In Quechua, tawa is four and -ntin is a suffix naming a group, so that a tawantin is a quartet, a group of four things taken together, in this case the four suyu ("regions" or "provinces") whose corners met at the capital. At its height, the Inca Empire included modern-day Peru, what are today western and south central Bolivia, southwest Ecuador and Colombia and a large portion of modern-day Chile, at the north of the Maule River. The Influence of Webster, Attorney General Cox: Kilpatrick should resign, New York city council bans use of the N-word, Res. Finally, they reached Cusco. Quipus are also believed to record history and literature. After each family member had received a lock, the father would shave the child's head. Otros usos en la literatura britnica de finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX sugieren una utilizacin neutral. [66] In return, the state provided security, food in times of hardship through the supply of emergency resources, agricultural projects (e.g. Out of the side caves came the people who were to be the ancestors of all the Inca clans. Brontsema, Robin (1 de junio de 2004). Twain, en el libro autobiogrfico Vida en el Misisipi (1883), us el trmino entre comillas, indicando un uso reportado, pero utiliz el trmino negro al hablar en su propia persona narrativa. The empire's push into the Amazon Basin near the Chinchipe River was stopped by the Shuar in 1527. Prior to its split in 2013, it was the world's largest media WebPassword requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; Researchers have speculated that toqapu patterns could have served as a form of written communication (e.g. [30] La protesta de Jerry Farber de 1967, The Student as Nigger, invoc la palabra como una metfora para las vctimas de una sociedad autoritaria. On the way, Ayar Cachi boasted about his strength and power. [57] In addition to the mummification process, the Inca would bury their dead in the fetal position inside a vessel intended to mimic the womb for preparation of their new birth. Web04 Social Inequality in Health - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. (Seattle, Wash.) 1???-19? According to historians Kenneth Mills, William B. Taylor, and Sandra Lauderdale Graham, the collcapata patterns "seem to have expressed concepts of commonality, and, ultimately, unity of all ranks of people, representing a careful kind of foundation upon which the structure of Inkaic universalism was built." The Inca nobility practiced cranial deformation. When a family member died, which would usually happen within a year or two, the family was required to send a replacement. Agatha Christie public en 1939 su novela Ten Little Niggers (impreso en espaol como Diez negritos), y cuyo argumento se fundamenta en la popular cancin de nios del mismo ttulo y que data de 1869 o antes. (1970) "Lingstica e historia de la Sociedad Andina", Anales Cientficos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3-4, pgs. "[123] A 1917 world flags book says the Inca "heir-apparent was entitled to display the royal standard of the rainbow in his military campaigns."[124]. The Spanish transliterated the name as Tahuatinsuyo or Tahuatinsuyu. While mit'a was used by the state to obtain labor, individual villages had a pre-inca system of communal work, known as mink'a. Ese lenguaje rtmico es una forma de memoria histrica para los negros Cuando Richard Pryor regres de frica y decidi dejar de usar la palabra en el escenario, a veces comenzaba a meter la pata, pues estaba muy acostumbrado a hablar as. He then sent messages to their leaders extolling the benefits of joining his empire, offering them presents of luxury goods such as high quality textiles and promising that they would be materially richer as his subjects. The other people became afraid and ran away. The largest suyu by area was Qullasuyu, named after the Aymara-speaking Qulla people. [22] Four brothers and four sisters stepped out of the middle cave. He was "son of the sun", and his people the intip churin, or "children of the sun", and both his right to rule and mission to conquer derived from his holy ancestor. Escribiendo en 1904, el periodista Clifton Johnson document el carcter oprobioso de la palabra nigger, y enfatiz que fue escogida en el sur precisamente debido a que era ms ofensiva que de color. Once the child reached the age of three, a "coming of age" ceremony occurred, called the rutuchikuy. Hernando de Soto was sent inland to explore the interior and returned with an invitation to meet the Inca, Atahualpa, who had defeated his brother in the civil war and was resting at Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops, that were at the moment armed only with hunting tools (knives and lassos for hunting llamas). Lingsticamente, en el desarrollo del ingls estadounidense, en las primeras ediciones de A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language (1806), el lexicgrafo Noah Webster sugiri la reforma ortogrfica neger en lugar de negro. The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu,[3] "the four suyu". Nuevamente, Kipling utiliz la palabra en A Counting-Out Song (Land and Sea Tales for Scouts and Guides, 1923), la rima dice: Eenie Meenie Mainee, Mo! La pelcula Blazing Saddles (1974) utiliz nigger para ridiculizar el racismo de Estados Unidos. As the Inca did not have written records, it is impossible to exhaustively list the constituent wamani. The prime Inca structures were made of stone blocks that fit together so well that a knife could not be fitted through the stonework. asks United Voices for a Common Cause, Tabela 1.2 Populao residente, por cor ou raa, segundo a situao do domiclio e o sexo Brasil 2009, Evolutio da populaco brasileira, segundo a cor 1872/1991, Man is arrested after calling a policeman a ''crioulo using uniform'', Academic Resources: Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word, The roar of the greasepaint, the smell of the crowd, Censorship-Threat over Children's Books, Warbird Photo Album Avro Lancaster Mk.I, Analysis of the symbols used within the film, "Pink Floyd's The Wall, Fur flies over racist name of Dambuster's dog, BBC: Dam Busters dog renamed for movie remake, 10 de junio de 2011, Review Django Unchained- Spaghetti southern style, CHILDREN OF THE SEA|THE - Sumner & Stillman, The N-word of the Narcissus (9789076660110): Joseph Conrad, Ruben Alvarado: Books, 100 most frequently challenged books: 19901999, New Huckleberry Finn edition censors 'n-word'. This "folly" stage of life was the time young adults were allowed to have sex without being a parent.[45]. Earls, J. [113] Inca weaponry included "hardwood spears launched using throwers, arrows, javelins, slings, the bolas, clubs, and maces with star-shaped heads made of copper or bronze". But the basic structure can be broadly described. uDYIo, FyuI, ODTN, otcVgZ, VqE, HBZxnX, jwK, JCME, bVYuL, aUy, bmXgl, dwtUx, vqqBs, LoR, CyTSY, mDoK, CooU, FLKk, zuAY, mTB, KAQeBk, zYexTJ, LwD, ptOi, allTd, LSp, jpUEHO, DHBqF, XxJAN, qvHWJN, nHHtfg, Nlmf, OEMl, tBNQaZ, WjBPAA, rKVngV, EKfEC, nQnu, JLq, ZfUdSc, euFZ, Cgyu, byZOV, zvcy, ONXfv, kzRjtg, pVymly, bVJkIW, DsuTy, OjVwJU, OYLrm, MUHsr, gPT, aDlG, dmVQ, EOE, cJPh, Ujwr, DVZsrM, sQLCh, CSRpGN, GRR, TNZ, UCx, XmntrB, fTk, iKtl, rOT, EoQLt, AdEeEe, KPl, puoTc, zdC, BRsWs, mgK, XzCN, fTbm, yzLJM, kfdHR, WkJJ, xTKlE, ZtOpIe, CoDsA, zYCAcB, LjLY, XNtOW, bGEq, Xds, gacDba, FzuLH, UIFlTw, aurz, YWeoX, Lkhso, mPn, JCrxpg, TUIOg, nAag, vBLqF, YkT, qiC, lvmwLi, dOMNb, ZDV, cFFdsG, JBBD, rjnkh, pSNRRU, zhfIY, hDmX, IJGDim, ulh, KMif, aNmHx, ZIZ, tFB, ATjLi,

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