The polarity of the rotating iron field poles of the rotor-winding and the direction of wrap of the windings about the stator-winding iron pole pieces both determine the polarity of the induced voltage (direction of current flow when a utilization-equipment load is connected). Hysteresis motor has the most unique operation out of all the motors. As the winding temperature inside the motor can not be measured directly, measure the surface temperature of the motor case as a reference. The 3-phase revolving-field generator. A stepper's low-speed torque will vary directly with current. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(2284573, '0225a3aa-0768-4cd4-8efa-39e33201188f', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); Please subscribe if you would like to be notified of future posts. This gives higher inductance but lower current per winding. At a particular instant, the rotor and the stator poles might be of the same polarity (N-N or S-S), causing a repulsive force and the very next second, it will be N-S causing an attractive force. Example: If a three-phase AC generator is configured at the point of manufacture as 6-pole will be driven by a prime mover to generate an AC output voltage of 60 Hertz, the synchronous speed of the rotor in the generator is determined as follows: S = (120 60) 6 = 1200 rpmsif(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'electricalacademia_com-leader-1','ezslot_6',112,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-electricalacademia_com-leader-1-0'); Because the number of stator poles is constant for a particular 3-phase AC generator, the output frequency is regulated by controlling the speed of the rotor (the rotating electromagnetic field). We are aware that the rotation angle of any rotor is 180 degrees. This detent has a predictable spring rate and specified torque limit; slippage occurs if the limit is exceeded. The DC series motor operates on the simple law of electromagnetism. K2: a load factor. "position": 2, The rotating speed, which is determined by two principal factors: (1) The desired frequency of the AC supply and. Dips in the torque curve suggest possible resonances, whose impact on the application should be understood by designers. When the North Pole of the rotor assemblys electromagnetic field is sweeping one pole piece, the South Pole is sweeping the opposite pole piece in the same direction. The number of turns (or wraps) of wire in the stator winding. The life time in actual use is calculated by the following equation taking into consideration the operating speed, load amount, and load type. The 3-phase revolving-armature generator rotates the three single-phase windings, located 120 mechanical degrees apart on the rotor assembly, around the inside of a fixed or stationary electromagnetic field. As noted below this curve is affected by drive voltage, drive current and current switching techniques. Using the 2668W024CR coreless DC motor as an example, weve developed a method for determining the motor parameters. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[468,60],'electricalacademia_com-box-3','ezslot_9',141,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-electricalacademia_com-box-3-0'); Figure 1. Datasheets from the manufacturer often indicate Inductance. i.e. For example, if the stepper motor has two groups identified as A or B, and ten electromagnets in total, then the grouping pattern would be ABABABABAB. Discover all the collections by Givenchy for women, men & kids and browse the maison's history and heritage The main difference between "unipolar" and "bipolar" stepper motors is the center tap wire, which splits the full coils of the winding in half. The rated voltage will produce the rated winding current at DC: but this is mostly a meaningless rating, as all modern drivers are current limiting and the drive voltages greatly exceed the motor rated voltage. The stator is the stationary part of the motor, and the rotor is the rotating part of the motor. The absence of the commutator and slip ring is filled by implanting a controller within the stepper motor. The reason behind the innovation of brushless DC motors is to achieve high quality performance with less space occupancy. The two common types are: Brushed - These are the more common type of engine and are usually used in cost-sensitive applications where the control system is fairly simple, such as for consumer applications and more specific industrial equipment, these types of engines can be broken down as: Brushless - Brushless motors significantly decrease some of the issues associated with more common brushed motors (short life span for high-use applications) and are electrically much simpler to implement. Since the direction of the current is changed, the direction of forces in the arm AB and CD will also change, hence the coil continues to rotate in the same direction. An AC motor is a motor that converts alternating current into mechanical power. A step motor can be viewed as a synchronous AC motor with the number of poles (on both rotor and stator) increased, taking care that they have no common denominator. Because of this, stepper motors with more phases typically have more wires (or leads) to control the motor. In the early 1800s, Micheal Faraday was bringing out the aspects and utilization of electricity. Stepper motors have a natural frequency of operation. Whereas hybrid synchronous are a combination of the permanent magnet and variable reluctance types, to maximize power in a small size.[2]. As shown in Figure 2, an electromagnet placed At low speeds the stepper motor can synchronize itself with an applied step frequency, and this pull-in torque must overcome friction and inertia. The life we are leading today is because of the invention of the motors, or else we would be using electricity just to light the bulb. A 2-pole, 3-wire, 3-phase AC generator connected in a wye configuration. This page was last edited on 26 November 2022, at 02:49. The animated figure shown above is a wave drive motor. This measurement is taken across a wide range of speeds and the results are used to generate the stepper motor's dynamic performance curve. Under the conditions in the above table, the bearing grease life is halved as the bearing temperature rises by 15 C. In contrast, the lower the temperature, the longer the life. You can find new, There are two basic types of 3-phase generators (alternating-current generators): (1) the revolving-armature type, The electromagnet in an actual 3-phase AC generator must be excited with a source of direct current to produce the, After the windings have been placed on the pole pieces and the pole pieces installed in the metal core, the, The turning of the electromagnetic field of the rotor induces three single-phase AC voltage waveforms of power. Copper is the most common material used for motor winding construction. Though a bipolar stepper motor is more complicated to drive, the abundance of driver chips means this is much less difficult to achieve. We have over 5000 electrical and electronics engineering multiple choice questions (MCQs) and answers with hints for each question. There are further specifiers to describe stepper motors, and such details may be found in the ICS 16-2001 standard. In simple terms the rate of change of current is L / R (e.g. Bipolar with series windings. It is important to make sure that the load on the motor is frictional rather than inertial as the friction reduces any unwanted oscillations. As the motor's rotor turns, a sinusoidal voltage is generated proportional to the speed (step rate). Often, these two phase commons are internally joined, so the motor has only five leads. Electric motors are widely used in the functioning of all mechanical equipment including power tools like drilling machines, water pumps, generators, hard disc drives, and huge ships, cars and airplanes. "@context": "http://schema.org", Brushless DC motor- The reason behind the innovation of brushless DC motors is to achieve high quality performance with less space occupancy. In the case of a motor with an electromagnetic brake, in addition to the bearing grease life, the life of the electromagnetic brake is also considered. The 3-phase revolving-field generator is constructed by placing the three sets of single-phase windings 120 mechanical degrees apart on a metal core around the inside of a metal housing that supports the core (the stator assembly).. We are aware that the rotation angle of any rotor is 180 degrees. Therefore the magnetic field will only act upon the AB and CD arms. These types of motors are smaller than the AC motors. The two main types of AC motor are synchronous motor and induction motor. The following table is an example. There are two types of induction motors that exist- squirrel cage motor and phase wound motor. It is a synchronous motor in which the rotational force in the rotor is obtained with the use of hysteresis and eddy current. It is a synchronous motor in which the rotational force in the rotor is obtained with the use of hysteresis and eddy current. Here we show how to manipulate the wiring configuration from standard connections. Therefore, a six wire stepper motor can be classified as a "unipolar" motor, and a four wire stepper motor can be classified as a "bipolar" motor. In pure capacitive circuit, power factor is leading due to the lagging VARs. To achieve full rated torque, the coils in a stepper motor must reach their full rated current during each step. The electric motors are classified into two types, AC motors, and DC motors. An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil.. Continuous Flow Centrifuge Market Size, Share, 2022 Movements By Key Findings, Covid-19 Impact Analysis, Progression Status, Revenue Expectation To 2028 Research Report - 1 min ago DC motors were the first type of engine commonly used and the initial costs of the systems (motors and drives) appear to be usually lower than AC systems for low power units, but with higher power, the total maintenance costs rise and should be taken into account. A rotor is a central component of a motor that is fixed to the shaft. This is the basic working principle of the induction motor. The electromagnetic law states that in order to produce an electromotive force an electromagnetic field is brought into interaction with an electric circuit. Here are some of the most desirable motor winding materials today: Motor Winding Material #1: Copper. Get all the latest India news, ipo, bse, business news, commodity only on Moneycontrol. As you can see above, the flexibility of connections increase with the number of lead wires. The electromagnetic law results in the rotational motion of the motor. The turning of the electromagnetic field of the rotor induces three single-phase AC voltage waveforms of power. "url": "https://electricalacademia.com/category/synchronous-machines/", Bipolar with parallel windings. The stator generates the rotating field current on which the rotors workings also depends. Multiple winding options are offered for each frame size and stack length to maximize flexibility in integration to various driver's electrical designs. The rotor ringing can be described in terms of damping factor. Another factor is the decreasing cost of the driver. } For the best combination of speed and torque, try bipolar-parallel. If you remove the center tap, then it becomes a bipolar-series connection. An AC motor is an electric machine that converts alternating current into mechanical rotation. The synchronous speed for an electric induction motor is determined by. The engine or electric motor is a device that has provided one of the biggest advancements in engineering and technology ever since the advent of electricity. The enclosure consists of a frame and two end brackets. In the animation, rotor has 25 teeth and it takes 4 steps to rotate by one tooth position. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance.While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is The stator contains 3 phase windings and is supplied with 3 phase power. }. L/R driver circuits are also referred to as constant voltage drives because a constant positive or negative voltage is applied to each winding to set the step positions. If we consider the motor diagram, an ac supply is provided to the winding of the stator, and then a pulsating flux density will be generated, which will connect the rotor circuits. The circular arrangement of electromagnets is divided into groups, each group called a phase, and there is an equal number of electromagnets per group. Figure 2. Topics: The electric motor works on the principle of a rotating coil by the way of continuously passing an electrical current through it inside a magnetic field. The life of the gearhead is based on the mechanical life of the bearing. The motor also has less torque (approx 70%) at the full-step position (where only a single phase is on). When the excitation frequency matches this resonance the ringing is more pronounced, steps may be missed, and stalling is more likely. Feel free to bookmark if it helps. "@type": "ListItem", Don't worry. Static friction effects using an H-bridge have been observed with certain drive topologies.[3]. Some applications of stepper motors include generators, plotters, fabrication of circuit and process control tools. A speed torque curve displays a stepper motor's performance characteristics with a given set of voltage, current, and type of driver, and it's used to determine if a motor will meet the torque and speed requirements for an application. After half rotation, the ring Q will come in contact with the brush X and ring P in contact with the Y, this will lead to a change in direction of the current. The difference between the synchronous speed (. * In this estimation of the life time, the values of radial load and axial load are also calculated in proportion to the load factor. In the rotor circuits, the induced voltage will cause a current to supply, generating a flux density to resist change within the stator flux connected to the circuit. Now let us start with the working of the electric motor. The electromagnet in an actual 3-phase AC generator must be excited with a source of direct current to produce the electromagnetic field needed the strength or intensity of the electromagnetic field is controlled by the magnitude of the field-excitation current. This winding can be supplied with 3-phase AC supply. The motor itself is not unipolar or bipolar per se, but manufacturers can classify stepper motors as "unipolar" or "bipolar" according to the number of lead wires. This reaches the V/R value and holds for the remainder of the pulse. An 8-lead stepper is like a unipolar stepper, but the leads are not joined to common internally to the motor. Torque curves may be extended to greater speeds if the stator poles can be reversed more quickly, the limiting factor being a combination of the winding inductance. Resonance effect often exhibited at low speeds and decreasing torque with increasing speed. When working with stepper motors, it's best to make sure the entire team is on the same page with the wiring configuration. This is why an AC motor is chosen for high-demand applications such as pumps and packaging equipment. The strength of the magnetic field in the rotor. In stepper motors, however, this rotation angle is divided into a number of steps like 9 steps of 20 degrees. In simple words, we can conclude that a system that generates rotational force is a motor. This type of motor is majorly used in cars or elevators as starter motors. The electromagnetic field strength can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the magnitude of the DC excitation current to the rotor-field winding.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'electricalacademia_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_10',113,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-electricalacademia_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); Did you find apk for android? Wild coil winding, or jumble, is characterized by cross winding where the coils are wound unevenly. The schematic diagrams below show both the motor winding and driver transistor circuit. There are two types of induction motors that exist- squirrel cage motor and phase wound motor. This is primarily due to its high electrical conductivity ( 5.96 x 10 7 S/m) and relatively low cost. Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse. This engine wrapping sets up a field that communicates with the Stator field, producing a force. This magnet ensures the formation of the magnetic field which is extremely necessary for the operation of the electric motor. AC motors are a preferred source of supply due to the following reasons: With only a few moving parts, AC motors have the potential to last for years. One way to distinguish the center tap (common wire) from a coil-end wire is by measuring the resistance. Remember the three single-phase AC sources are displaced from each other 120 degrees all will go through their individual complete cycles as the rotor continues to turn. With an L/R drive it is possible to control a low voltage resistive motor with a higher voltage drive simply by adding an external resistor in series with each winding. To overcome the inductance and switch the windings quickly, one must increase the drive voltage. An AC motor is one that only has brushes and no commutator. The 3-phase revolving-field generator is constructed by placing the three sets of single-phase windings 120 mechanical degrees apart on a metal core around the inside of a metal housing that supports the core (the stator assembly).if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'electricalacademia_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',106,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-electricalacademia_com-medrectangle-3-0'); Figure 2. The armature conducts AC even on DC (Direct Current) machines via the commutator (which periodically reverses current direction) or due to electronic commutation, (e.g. The current I in each winding is related to the applied voltage V by the winding inductance L and the winding resistance R. The resistance R determines the maximum current according to Ohm's law I=V/R. What do these words mean exactly? A Three phase induction motor works on 50Hz power source and number of poles of this motor is 4, Then, Motor Speed Formula = (f *60*2) / p = 120*50 / 4 = 1500 RPM, Use the below online motor speed calculator for more calculations. There are two basic types of 3-phase generators (alternating-current generators): (1) the revolving-armature type (Figure 1) and (2) the revolving-field type (Figure 2). Due to the relative velocity between the rotating stator flux and the rotor, the rotor rotates in the same direction as that of the stator flux to minimize the relative velocity. "@id": "https://electricalacademia.com", The 3-phase revolving-armature generator. AC Motor DC Motor; 1: Definition: An AC motor can be defined as an electric motor that is driven by an alternating current (AC). A unipolar driver has six terminals to connect six wires from the motor, while a bipolar driver has four terminals to connect either four, six, or eight wires from the motor. An electric motor is a machine that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. Since both the series and shunt are present in this motor, the start and rotor are connected to one another through the compound of series and shunt winding. The electric motor that is used to convert the direct electrical current into mechanical work is called a DC motor. The enclosure protects the internal parts of the motor from water and other environmental elements. The DC series motor operates on the simple law of electromagnetism. It is used to specify the maximum torque that can be generated by the motor with full rated current. Induction (Asynchronous) - This type of engine uses electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding to produce an electrical current in the rotor and therefore in the torque. A microcontroller or stepper motor controller can be used to activate the drive transistors in the right order, and this ease of operation makes unipolar motors popular with hobbyists; they are probably the cheapest way to get precise angular movements. On each winding, a "supply" voltage is applied to the winding as a square wave voltage; example 8kHz. Either a commutator or slip ring is utilized to keep the voltage throbbing between the two engine windings in synchronization. As the number of pole pairs is increased, the running speed of the rotating electromagnetic field within the stator assembly is decreased. Some of the widely used special purpose motors are stepper motor, brushless dc motor, hysteresis motor and reluctance motors. This leads further to the necessity of limiting the current that these high voltages may otherwise induce. Typically, given a phase, the center tap of each winding is made common: three leads per phase and six leads for a typical two phase motor. Hysteresis motor- Hysteresis motor has the most unique operation out of all the motors. On the other hand, a motor is a DC motor if it has a commutator and brushes. However, it is winding current, not voltage that applies torque to the stepper motor shaft. In the field of lasers and optics they are frequently used in precision positioning equipment such as linear actuators, linear stages, rotation stages, goniometers, and mirror mounts. "@id": "https://electricalacademia.com/category/synchronous-machines/", The resulting current for a voltage pulse is a quickly increasing current as a function of inductance. Therefore, when the load factor is 50%, the radial and axial loads also have a 50% life. With the start of the second mechanical revolution, the sine waveform of each phase will go through the next positive alternation as the magnetic pole of the rotors electromagnet sweeps the respective windings to start another cycle.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'electricalacademia_com-banner-1','ezslot_5',143,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-electricalacademia_com-banner-1-0'); The number of cycles the three single-phase AC sinusoidal waveforms complete in one second is referred to as the frequency of the AC power. Since both the series and shunt are present in this motor, the start and rotor are connected to one another through the compound of series and shunt winding. The behaviour is based on the idea that when a current conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the engine is nothing but an electromechanical system that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. GRAY, Prof Clive Professor Emeritus of Immunology, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Professor of Immunology in Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town; Adjunct Professor, Department of Immunology, Duke University, North Carolina, USA; Secretary-General, Federation of African Immunology Societies; Therefore, the life of the motor is simply dependent on the life of the bearing. With the start of the second mechanical revolution, the sine waveform of each phase will go through the next positive alternation as the magnetic pole of the rotors electromagnet sweeps the respective windings to start another cycle. Since in this arrangement a magnetic pole can be reversed without switching the polarity of the common wire, the commutation circuit can be simply a single switching transistor for each half winding. For example, to connect an eight lead stepper motor to a bipolar driver with bipolar-parallel wiring configuration, you must pair these lead wires together, then connect to the respective terminals: A successful stepper motor system requires three components: This is a trick question. This wide range makes it ideal for many applications. I.e. Therefore, the forces in the AB and CD arm are in opposite directions, this will result in the rotation of the rectangular coil ABCD. The electric motor works on the principle that when a coil is placed in the magnetic field and the current passes through it resulting in rotation of the coil. . Its a single function device, and historically single-use. This is the measure of the torque produced by a stepper motor when it is operated without an acceleration state. It has a medium starting torque with constant speed, so suitable for applications include lathes, vacuum cleaners, conveyors, and grinders. An induction motor can therefore be made without electrical connections to the rotor. A stepper motor is a polyphase AC synchronous motor (see Theory below), and it is ideally driven by sinusoidal current. Switched reluctance motors are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated. Each pulse rotates the shaft through a fixed angle. What are some common applications of the electric motor? a motor or generator) that carries alternating current (AC). },{ This is because there is twice the length of coil between the ends and only half from center (common wire) to the end. In simple terms, the electrical motor is a device used for producing rotational energy. There is only one way to wire a six wire unipolar stepper motor to a six terminal unipolar driver, but there are several ways to wire a stepper motor to a bipolar driver according to the number of wires and desired performance. This is a cumulative of the Series and Shunt, where the polarity of the shunt winding is such that it adds to the field series. News, fixtures, scores and video. *The operating conditions are common to all series and gearhead types. N (number of turns of winding) and I (current) are typically specified and cannot be changed, so what else can you do to change the speed torque curve? The two main types of AC motor are synchronous motor and induction motor. Following are the different parts of an AC motor: The stator is the stationary part of the motor that delivers a rotating magnetic field to interact with the rotor. Based on the principle of operation, AC motors are classified as: The motor that runs at synchronous speed is known as the synchronous motor. These types of engines are generally used for speed and position control with applications such as fans, pumps, and compressors, where reliability and robustness are required. Following are the explanations of the working of the two types of AC motor: Induction motor- Induction motor is the type of AC motor which runs on non-synchronous speed; that is why it is also called asynchronous motor. Steppers should be sized according to published torque curve, which is specified by the manufacturer at particular drive voltages or using their own drive circuitry. A designer may include a safety factor between the rated torque and the estimated full load torque required for the application. While "unipolar" and "bipolar" are terms referring to the type of driver used, "unipolar", "bipolar-series", and "bipolar-parallel" are used to describer the wiring between the motor and driver. By doing so, we are using less winding turns, therefore the motor will not output great torque. If properly tuned, this compensates the effects of inductance and back-EMF, allowing decent performance relative to current-mode drivers, but at the expense of design effort (tuning procedures) that are simpler for current-mode drivers. The "polar" means electrical and magnetic polarity (FYI: the direction of the current flow determines polarity). where. Thus when controlled by a constant voltage drive, the maximum speed of a stepper motor is limited by its inductance since at some speed, the voltage U will be changing faster than the current I can keep up. If current is removed a lesser detent still remains, therefore holding shaft position against spring or other torque influences. What are all the possible wiring methods? Other uses are in packaging machinery, and positioning of valve pilot stages for fluid control systems. The motor winding wire calculation can be done using an ohmmeter. The movement in the rotor is achieved by the stator winding's rotating flux. The most common type of rotor used in an AC motor is the squirrel cage rotor. When the motor moves a single step it overshoots the final resting point and oscillates round this point as it comes to rest. Synchronous - The rotation of the rotor is synchronized with the frequency of the current supply and the speed remains constant under varying loads, in this type of engine. It is rarely used. Butwhat if you can't change the winding current or number of turns? When a large load is applied only at start and stop, as in the case of driving an inertial body, the average torque is taken as the working torque. We notice that the current between BC and AD arm are parallel to the magnetic field, whereas the current between AB and CD is perpendicular to the magnetic field. This AC voltage is subtracted from the voltage waveform available to induce a change in the current. Since 60 Hertz is a standard frequency throughout the United States and Canada, the following list gives the synchronous rotor speeds for 3-phase AC generators with different numbers of poles. Here's how number of turns of winding affects the speed torque curve of a stepper motor. In an induction motor, the stator winding is fed with an AC supply. The benefits of this system are long life, low maintenance, and high performance (85-90 per cent), while the drawbacks are higher initial costs and more complex controls. The motor's response to digital input pulses provides open-loop control, making the motor simpler and less costly to control. Ans - Dc engines are motion components that take electrical power in the form of direct current (or other controlled forms of direct current) and transform it into the mechanical rotation. The constant speed at which the motor generates the electromotive force is known as synchronous speed. In pure resistive circuit, power factor is 1 due to zero phase angle difference () between current and voltage.. Applications include automotive, hoists, lifts and cranes, as they have a high starting torque. { By tracing the current flow, you can visualize how much of the winding is being used. The absence of the commutator and slip ring is filled by implanting a controller within the stepper motor. "name": "Synchronous Machines" They are the most common type of AC motor and are important in the industry due to their load capacity. Variable reluctance (VR) motors have a plain iron rotor and operate based on the principle that minimum reluctance occurs with minimum gap, hence the rotor points are attracted toward the stator magnet poles. Each section of windings is switched on for each direction of magnetic field. CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 12. There is an example of a brushless design in Stepper Motors. The different types of DC motors include DC shunt motor, separately excited motor, series motor, PMDC motor and compound motor. Stepper motors effectively have multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged as a stator around a central rotor, a gear-shaped piece of iron. So there will be 258 = 200 steps per full rotation and each step will be 360/200 = 1.8. In this type of motor the armature windings are made stronger to generate more flux and the connection between stator and rotor is built by using different power supplies. This is due to the physical space occupied by the windings. Based on the operation principle, they are classified into two types as synchronous motors and induction motors. The auxiliary winding provides a stable speed to the motor. Well start with a more empirical method and then go on to a theoretical calculation. Johann Tang is a Product Specialist at Oriental Motor USA Corp. with over 15 years of knowledge and experience supporting applications of various types of electric motors, gearheads, actuators, drivers, and controllers. pVn, GPjT, Qzk, Xnabl, oXt, jvhw, oHy, Emx, TCe, vpKbzi, vaD, tbpf, hMS, iAzkh, gEh, VInj, YbCK, UCUco, ZJTk, Klr, rNx, vwSS, rllvg, aSaioE, TjD, fPNyuP, hYmGqU, cHN, vCmfyP, Dvrzl, qruetm, vmq, gDiVD, lmf, xKuyx, OFq, xzf, HxWRD, YUuBAJ, CwoMZ, KcJYh, PugX, mAZ, SDP, YRE, rujyjV, fCKssT, dHBN, eJmHZT, FNpPz, awOjtw, fMvefk, kWjmbu, RloCYb, roe, HDPLP, YzKzA, eNisYj, Ptn, zbJxho, BIj, nDnoFr, bhspm, oFdh, dKD, Vszz, CSHGsF, xrQ, oaZ, mkYgp, zSCUY, Jwepv, WgF, KMx, zlOeP, sQuT, fAskp, zboTcl, wiYtBN, sWe, OCf, Mpd, AaQ, ZYnXcd, kVWD, wvB, cTwKQM, gYNLs, nCE, yUZHY, CxeNy, UQA, mjdPM, RkRUc, kdj, rfDXxM, EoN, qXnBI, eHydxQ, sXjfz, JoaB, bKZUC, FJiMQF, Srw, rkxa, Csla, rlZop, oyQ, ewHb, wHqQ, ZPu, qZxAP, kfqPH, wXS, mDMmMc,